unmarked (version 0.11-0)

occu: Fit the MacKenzie et al. (2002) Occupancy Model

Description

This function fits the single season occupancy model of MacKenzie et al (2002).

Usage

occu(formula, data, knownOcc=numeric(0), starts, method="BFGS", se=TRUE, engine=c("C", "R"), ...)

Arguments

formula

Double right-hand side formula describing covariates of detection and occupancy in that order.

data

An unmarkedFrameOccu object

knownOcc

Vector of sites that are known to be occupied. These should be supplied as row numbers of the y matrix, eg, c(3,8) if sites 3 and 8 were known to be occupied a priori.

starts

Vector of parameter starting values.

method

Optimization method used by optim.

se

Logical specifying whether or not to compute standard errors.

engine

Either "C" or "R" to use fast C++ code or native R code during the optimization.

...

Additional arguments to optim, such as lower and upper bounds

Value

Details

See unmarkedFrame and unmarkedFrameOccu for a description of how to supply data to the data argument.

occu fits the standard occupancy model based on zero-inflated binomial models (MacKenzie et al. 2006, Royle and Dorazio 2008). The occupancy state process ($z_i$) of site $i$ is modeled as

$$z_i \sim Bernoulli(\psi_i)$$

The observation process is modeled as

$$y_{ij}|z_i \sim Bernoulli(z_i p_{ij})$$

Covariates of $psi_i$ and $p_ij$ are modeled using the logit link according to the formula argument. The formula is a double right-hand sided formula like ~ detform ~ occform where detform is a formula for the detection process and occform is a formula for the partially observed occupancy state. See formula for details on constructing model formulae in R.

References

MacKenzie, D. I., J. D. Nichols, G. B. Lachman, S. Droege, J. Andrew Royle, and C. A. Langtimm. 2002. Estimating Site Occupancy Rates When Detection Probabilities Are Less Than One. Ecology 83: 2248-2255.

MacKenzie, D. I. et al. 2006. Occupancy Estimation and Modeling. Amsterdam: Academic Press.

Royle, J. A. and R. Dorazio. 2008. Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology. Academic Press.

See Also

unmarked, unmarkedFrameOccu, modSel, parboot

Examples

data(frogs)
pferUMF <- unmarkedFrameOccu(pfer.bin)
plot(pferUMF, panels=4)
# add some fake covariates for illustration
siteCovs(pferUMF) <- data.frame(sitevar1 = rnorm(numSites(pferUMF)))

# observation covariates are in site-major, observation-minor order
obsCovs(pferUMF) <- data.frame(obsvar1 = rnorm(numSites(pferUMF) * obsNum(pferUMF)))

(fm <- occu(~ obsvar1 ~ 1, pferUMF))

confint(fm, type='det', method = 'normal')
confint(fm, type='det', method = 'profile')

# estimate detection effect at obsvars=0.5
(lc <- linearComb(fm['det'],c(1,0.5)))

# transform this to probability (0 to 1) scale and get confidence limits
(btlc <- backTransform(lc))
confint(btlc, level = 0.9)

# Empirical Bayes estimates of proportion of sites occupied
re <- ranef(fm)
sum(bup(re, stat="mode"))