Add vertices, edges or another graph to a graph
# S3 method for igraph
+(e1, e2)First argument, probably an igraph graph, but see details below.
Second argument, see details below.
The plus operator can be used to add vertices or edges to graph. The actual operation that is performed depends on the type of the right hand side argument.
If is is another igraph graph object and they are both
named graphs, then the union of the two graphs are calculated,
see union.
If it is another igraph graph object, but either of the two
are not named, then the disjoint union of
the two graphs is calculated, see disjoint_union.
If it is a numeric scalar, then the specified number of vertices are added to the graph.
If it is a character scalar or vector, then it is interpreted as the names of the vertices to add to the graph.
If it is an object created with the vertex or
vertices function, then new vertices are added to the
graph. This form is appropriate when one wants to add some vertex
attributes as well. The operands of the vertices function
specifies the number of vertices to add and their attributes as
well.
The unnamed arguments of vertices are concatenated and
used as the ‘name’ vertex attribute (i.e. vertex
names), the named arguments will be added as additional vertex
attributes. Examples:
g <- g +
vertex(shape="circle", color= "red")
g <- g + vertex("foo", color="blue")
g <- g + vertex("bar", "foobar")
g <- g + vertices("bar2", "foobar2", color=1:2, shape="rectangle")vertex is just an alias to vertices, and it is
provided for readability. The user should use it if a single vertex
is added to the graph.
If it is an object created with the edge or
edges function, then new edges will be added to the
graph. The new edges and possibly their attributes can be specified as
the arguments of the edges function.
The unnamed arguments of edges are concatenated and used
as vertex ids of the end points of the new edges. The named
arguments will be added as edge attributes.
Examples:
g <- make_empty_graph() +
vertices(letters[1:10]) +
vertices("foo", "bar", "bar2", "foobar2")
g <- g + edge("a", "b")
g <- g + edges("foo", "bar", "bar2", "foobar2")
g <- g + edges(c("bar", "foo", "foobar2", "bar2"), color="red", weight=1:2)See more examples below.
edge is just an alias to edges and it is provided
for readability. The user should use it if a single edge is added to
the graph.
If it is an object created with the path function, then
new edges that form a path are added. The edges and possibly their
attributes are specified as the arguments to the path
function. The non-named arguments are concatenated and interpreted
as the vertex ids along the path. The remaining arguments are added
as edge attributes.
Examples:
g <- make_empty_graph() + vertices(letters[1:10])
g <- g + path("a", "b", "c", "d")
g <- g + path("e", "f", "g", weight=1:2, color="red")
g <- g + path(c("f", "c", "j", "d"), width=1:3, color="green")It is important to note that, although the plus operator is commutative, i.e. is possible to write
graph <- "foo" + make_empty_graph()
it is not associative, e.g.
graph <- "foo" + "bar" + make_empty_graph()
results a syntax error, unless parentheses are used:
graph <- "foo" + ( "bar" + make_empty_graph() )
For clarity, we suggest to always put the graph object on the left hand side of the operator:
graph <- make_empty_graph() + "foo" + "bar"
Other functions for manipulating graph structure:
add_edges(),
add_vertices(),
delete_edges(),
delete_vertices(),
edge(),
igraph-minus,
path(),
vertex()
# NOT RUN {
# 10 vertices named a,b,c,... and no edges
g <- make_empty_graph() + vertices(letters[1:10])
# Add edges to make it a ring
g <- g + path(letters[1:10], letters[1], color = "grey")
# Add some extra random edges
g <- g + edges(sample(V(g), 10, replace = TRUE), color = "red")
g$layout <- layout_in_circle
plot(g)
# }
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