base (version 3.5.0)

Startup: Initialization at Start of an R Session

Description

In R, the startup mechanism is as follows.

Unless --no-environ was given on the command line, R searches for site and user files to process for setting environment variables. The name of the site file is the one pointed to by the environment variable R_ENVIRON; if this is unset, R_HOME/etc/Renviron.site is used (if it exists, which it does not in a ‘factory-fresh’ installation). The name of the user file can be specified by the R_ENVIRON_USER environment variable; if this is unset, the files searched for are .Renviron in the current or in the user's home directory (in that order). See ‘Details’ for how the files are read.

Then R searches for the site-wide startup profile file of R code unless the command line option --no-site-file was given. The path of this file is taken from the value of the R_PROFILE environment variable (after tilde expansion). If this variable is unset, the default is R_HOME/etc/Rprofile.site, which is used if it exists (which it does not in a ‘factory-fresh’ installation). (it contains settings from the installer in a ‘factory-fresh’ installation). This code is sourced into the base package. Users need to be careful not to unintentionally overwrite objects in base, and it is normally advisable to use local if code needs to be executed: see the examples.

Then, unless --no-init-file was given, R searches for a user profile, a file of R code. The path of this file can be specified by the R_PROFILE_USER environment variable (and tilde expansion will be performed). If this is unset, a file called .Rprofile is searched for in the current directory or in the user's home directory (in that order). The user profile file is sourced into the workspace.

Note that when the site and user profile files are sourced only the base package is loaded, so objects in other packages need to be referred to by e.g.utils::dump.frames or after explicitly loading the package concerned.

R then loads a saved image of the user workspace from .RData in the current directory if there is one (unless --no-restore-data or --no-restore was specified on the command line).

Next, if a function .First is found on the search path, it is executed as .First(). Finally, function .First.sys() in the base package is run. This calls require to attach the default packages specified by options("defaultPackages"). If the methods package is included, this will have been attached earlier (by function .OptRequireMethods()) so that namespace initializations such as those from the user workspace will proceed correctly.

A function .First (and .Last) can be defined in appropriate .Rprofile or Rprofile.site files or have been saved in .RData. If you want a different set of packages than the default ones when you start, insert a call to options in the .Rprofile or Rprofile.site file. For example, options(defaultPackages = character()) will attach no extra packages on startup (only the base package) (or set R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES=NULL as an environment variable before running R). Using options(defaultPackages = "") or R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES="" enforces the R system default.

On front-ends which support it, the commands history is read from the file specified by the environment variable R_HISTFILE (default .Rhistory in the current directory) unless --no-restore-history or --no-restore was specified.

The command-line option --vanilla implies --no-site-file, --no-init-file, --no-environ and (except for R CMD) --no-restore Under Windows, it also implies --no-Rconsole, which prevents loading the Rconsole file.

Details

Note that there are two sorts of files used in startup: environment files which contain lists of environment variables to be set, and profile files which contain R code.

Lines in a site or user environment file should be either comment lines starting with #, or lines of the form name=value. The latter sets the environmental variable name to value, overriding an existing value. If value contains an expression of the form ${foo-bar}, the value is that of the environmental variable foo if that exists and is set to a non-empty value, otherwise bar. (If it is of the form ${foo}, the default is "".) This construction can be nested, so bar can be of the same form (as in ${foo-${bar-blah}}). Note that the braces are essential: for example $HOME will not be interpreted.

Leading and trailing white space in value are stripped. value is then processed in a similar way to a Unix shell: in particular the outermost level of (single or double) quotes is stripped, and backslashes are removed except inside quotes.

On systems with sub-architectures (mainly Windows), the files Renviron.site and Rprofile.site are looked for first in architecture-specific directories, e.g.R_HOME/etc/i386/Renviron.site. And e.g..Renviron.i386 will be used in preference to .Renviron.

See Also

For the definition of the ‘home’ directory on Windows see the rw-FAQ Q2.14. It can be found from a running R by Sys.getenv("R_USER").

.Last for final actions at the close of an R session. commandArgs for accessing the command line arguments.

There are examples of using startup files to set defaults for graphics devices in the help for windows.options. X11 and quartz.

An Introduction to R for more command-line options: those affecting memory management are covered in the help file for Memory.

readRenviron to read .Renviron files.

For profiling code, see Rprof.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
## Example ~/.Renviron on Unix
R_LIBS=~/R/library
PAGER=/usr/local/bin/less

## Example .Renviron on Windows
R_LIBS=C:/R/library
MY_TCLTK="c:/Program Files/Tcl/bin"

## Example of setting R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES (from R CMD check)
R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES='utils,grDevices,graphics,stats'
# this loads the packages in the order given, so they appear on
# the search path in reverse order.

## Example of .Rprofile
options(width=65, digits=5)
options(show.signif.stars=FALSE)
setHook(packageEvent("grDevices", "onLoad"),
        function(...) grDevices::ps.options(horizontal=FALSE))
set.seed(1234)
.First <- function() cat("\n   Welcome to R!\n\n")
.Last <- function()  cat("\n   Goodbye!\n\n")

## Example of Rprofile.site
local({
  # add MASS to the default packages, set a CRAN mirror
  old <- getOption("defaultPackages"); r <- getOption("repos")
  r["CRAN"] <- "http://my.local.cran"
  options(defaultPackages = c(old, "MASS"), repos = r)
  ## (for Unix terminal users) set the width from COLUMNS if set
  cols <- Sys.getenv("COLUMNS")
  if(nzchar(cols)) options(width = as.integer(cols))
  # interactive sessions get a fortune cookie (needs fortunes package)
  if (interactive())
    fortunes::fortune()
})

## if .Renviron contains
FOOBAR="coo\bar"doh\ex"abc\"def'"

## then we get
# > cat(Sys.getenv("FOOBAR"), "\n")
# coo\bardoh\exabc"def'
# }