VGAM (version 1.1-3)

Links: Link functions for VGLM/VGAM/etc. families

Description

The VGAM package provides a number of (parameter) link functions which are described in general here. Collectively, they offer the user considerable choice and flexibility for modelling data.

Usage

TypicalVGAMlink(theta, someParameter = 0, bvalue = NULL, inverse = FALSE,
                deriv = 0, short = TRUE, tag = FALSE)

Arguments

theta

Numeric or character. This is usually \(\theta\) (default) but can sometimes be \(\eta\), depending on the other arguments. If theta is character then inverse and deriv are ignored. The name theta should always be the name of the first argument.

someParameter

Some parameter, e.g., an offset.

bvalue

Boundary value, positive if given. If 0 < theta then values of theta which are less than or equal to 0 can be replaced by bvalue before computing the link function value. Values of theta which are greater than or equal to 1 can be replaced by 1 minus bvalue before computing the link function value. The value bvalue = .Machine$double.eps is sometimes a reasonable value, or something slightly higher.

inverse

Logical. If TRUE and deriv = 0 then the inverse link value \(\theta\) is returned, hence the argument theta is really \(\eta\). In all other cases, the argument theta is really \(\theta\).

deriv

Integer. Either 0, 1, or 2, specifying the order of the derivative. Some link functions handle values up to 3 or 4.

short, tag

Logical. These are used for labelling the blurb slot of a vglmff-class object. These arguments are used only if theta is character, and gives the formula for the link in character form. If tag = TRUE then the result is preceeded by a little more information.

Value

Returns one of: the link function value or its first or second derivative, the inverse link or its first or second derivative, or a character description of the link.

Here are the general details. If inverse = FALSE and deriv = 0 (default) then the ordinary link function \(\eta = g(\theta)\) is returned.

If inverse = TRUE and deriv = 0 then the inverse link function value is returned, hence theta is really \(\eta\) (the only occasion this happens).

If inverse = FALSE and deriv = 1 then it is \(d\eta / d\theta\) as a function of \(\theta\). If inverse = FALSE and deriv = 2 then it is \(d^2\eta / d\theta^2\) as a function of \(\theta\).

If inverse = TRUE and deriv = 1 then it is \(d\theta / d\eta\) as a function of \(\theta\). If inverse = TRUE and deriv = 2 then it is \(d^2\theta / d\eta^2\) as a function of \(\theta\).

It is only when deriv = 1 that linkfun(theta, deriv = 1, inverse = TRUE) and linkfun(theta, deriv = 1, inverse = FALSE) are reciprocals of each other. In particular, linkfun(theta, deriv = 2, inverse = TRUE) and linkfun(theta, deriv = 2, inverse = FALSE) are not reciprocals of each other in general.

Warning

The output of link functions changed at VGAM 0.9-9 (date was around 2015-07). Formerly, linkfun(theta, deriv = 1) is now linkfun(theta, deriv = 1, inverse = TRUE), or equivalently, 1 / linkfun(theta, deriv = 1, inverse = TRUE). Also, formerly, linkfun(theta, deriv = 2) was 1 / linkfun(theta, deriv = 2, inverse = TRUE). This was a bug. Altogether, these are big changes and the user should beware!

In VGAM 1.0-7 (January 2019) all link function names were made to end in the characters "link", e.g., loglink replaces loge, logitlink replaces logit. For this most of them were renamed. Upward compatability holds for older link function names, however, users should adopt the new names immediately.

Details

Almost all VGAM link functions have something similar to the argument list as given above. In this help file we have \(\eta = g(\theta)\) where \(g\) is the link function, \(\theta\) is the parameter and \(\eta\) is the linear/additive predictor. The link \(g\) must be strictly monotonic and twice-differentiable in its range.

The following is a brief enumeration of all VGAM link functions.

For parameters lying between 0 and 1 (e.g., probabilities): logitlink, probitlink, clogloglink, cauchitlink, foldsqrtlink, logclink, gordlink, pordlink, nbordlink.

For positive parameters (i.e., greater than 0): loglink, negloglink, powerlink.

For parameters greater than 1: logloglink, loglogloglink (greater than \(e\)).

For parameters between \(-1\) and \(1\): fisherzlink, rhobitlink.

For parameters between \(A\) and \(B\): extlogitlink, logofflink (\(B = \infty\)).

For unrestricted parameters (i.e., any value): identitylink, negidentitylink, reciprocallink, negreciprocallink.

References

McCullagh, P. and Nelder, J. A. (1989). Generalized Linear Models, 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall.

See Also

TypicalVGAMfamilyFunction, linkfun, vglm, vgam, rrvglm. cqo, cao.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
logitlink("a")
logitlink("a", short = FALSE)
logitlink("a", short = FALSE, tag = TRUE)

logofflink(1:5, offset = 1)  # Same as log(1:5 + 1)
powerlink(1:5, power = 2)  # Same as (1:5)^2

# }
# NOT RUN {
 # This is old and no longer works:
logofflink(1:5, earg = list(offset = 1))
powerlink(1:5, earg = list(power = 2))
# }
# NOT RUN {
fit1 <- vgam(agaaus ~ altitude,
             binomialff(link = "clogloglink"), hunua)  # best
fit2 <- vgam(agaaus ~ altitude,
             binomialff(link =  clogloglink ), hunua)  # okay

# }
# NOT RUN {
# This no longer works since "clog" is not a valid VGAM link function:
fit3 <- vgam(agaaus ~ altitude,
             binomialff(link = "clog"), hunua)  # not okay


# No matter what the link, the estimated var-cov matrix is the same
y <- rbeta(n = 1000, shape1 = exp(0), shape2 = exp(1))
fit1 <- vglm(y ~ 1, betaR(lshape1 = "identitylink",
                          lshape2 = "identitylink"),
             trace = TRUE, crit = "coef")
fit2 <- vglm(y ~ 1, betaR(lshape1 = logofflink(offset = 1.1),
                          lshape2 = logofflink(offset = 1.1)), trace=TRUE)
vcov(fit1, untransform = TRUE)
vcov(fit1, untransform = TRUE) -
vcov(fit2, untransform = TRUE)  # Should be all 0s
\dontrun{ # This is old:
fit1@misc$earg  # Some 'special' parameters
fit2@misc$earg  # Some 'special' parameters are here
}


par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
p <- seq(0.05, 0.95, len = 200)  # A rather restricted range
x <- seq(-4, 4, len = 200)
plot(p, logitlink(p), type = "l", col = "blue")
plot(x, logitlink(x, inverse = TRUE), type = "l", col = "blue")
plot(p, logitlink(p, deriv=1), type="l", col="blue") # 1 / (p*(1-p))
plot(p, logitlink(p, deriv=2), type="l", col="blue") # (2*p-1)/(p*(1-p))^2
# }