R holds objects it is using in virtual memory. This help file documents the current design limitations on large objects: these differ between 32-bit and 64-bit builds of R.
The address-space limit is system-specific: 32-bit OSes imposes a limit of no more than 4Gb: it is often 3Gb. Running 32-bit executables on a 64-bit OS will have similar limits: 64-bit executables will have an essentially infinite system-specific limit (e.g., 128Tb for Linux on x86_64 cpus).
See the OS/shell's help on commands such as limit or
ulimit for how to impose limitations on the resources available
to a single process. For example a bash user could use
ulimit -t 600 -v 4000000
whereas a csh user might use
limit cputime 10m limit vmemoryuse 4096m
to limit a process to 10 minutes of CPU time and (around) 4Gb of virtual memory. (There are other options to set the RAM in use, but they are not generally honoured.)
The address-space limit is 2Gb under 32-bit Windows unless the OS's default has been changed to allow more (up to 3Gb). See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/desktop/Memory/physical-address-extension and https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/desktop/Memory/4-gigabyte-tuning. Under most 64-bit versions of Windows the limit for a 32-bit build of R is 4Gb: for the oldest ones it is 2Gb. The limit for a 64-bit build of R (imposed by the OS) is 8Tb.
It is not normally possible to allocate as much as 2Gb to a single vector in a 32-bit build of R even on 64-bit Windows because of preallocations by Windows in the middle of the address space.
Under Windows, R imposes limits on the total memory allocation
available to a single session as the OS provides no way to do so: see
memory.size and memory.limit.
Currently R runs on 32- and 64-bit operating systems, and most 64-bit OSes (including Linux, Solaris, Windows and macOS) can run either 32- or 64-bit builds of R. The memory limits depends mainly on the build, but for a 32-bit build of R on Windows they also depend on the underlying OS version.
R holds all objects in virtual memory, and there are limits based on the amount of memory that can be used by all objects:
There may be limits on the size of the heap and the number of
cons cells allowed -- see Memory -- but these are
usually not imposed.
There is a limit on the (user) address space of a single process such as the R executable. This is system-specific, and can depend on the executable.
The environment may impose limitations on the resources available to a single process: Windows' versions of R do so directly.
Error messages beginning cannot allocate vector of size
indicate a failure to obtain memory, either because the size exceeded
the address-space limit for a process or, more likely, because the
system was unable to provide the memory. Note that on a 32-bit build
there may well be enough free memory available, but not a large enough
contiguous block of address space into which to map it.
There are also limits on individual objects. The storage space
cannot exceed the address limit, and if you try to exceed that limit,
the error message begins cannot allocate vector of length.
The number of bytes in a character string is limited to
\(2^{31} - 1 \approx 2\thinspace 10^9\),
which is also the limit on each dimension of an array.
object.size(a) for the (approximate) size of R object
a.