"POSIXlt" and "POSIXct"
representing calendar dates and times.
"print"(x, ...)
"summary"(object, digits = 15, ...)
time + z
z + time
time - z
time1 lop time2as.POSIXct.)==, !=, <, <=< code="">, >
or >=."POSIXct" and "POSIXlt" are able to express
fractions of a second. (Conversion of fractions between the two forms
may not be exact, but will have better than microsecond accuracy.) Fractional seconds are printed only if
options("digits.secs") is set: see strftime."POSIXlt" class can represent a very wide range of times (up
to billions of years), but such times can only be interpreted with
reference to a time zone. The concept of time zones was first adopted in the nineteenth century,
and the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 but not universally
adopted until 1927. OS services almost invariably assume the
Gregorian calendar and may assume that the time zone that was first
enacted for the location was in force before that date. (The earliest
legislated time zone seems to have been London on 1847-12-01.) Some
OSes assume the previous use of ‘local time’ based on the
longitude of a location within the time zone. Most operating systems represent POSIXct times as C type
long. This means that on 32-bit OSes this covers the period
1902 to 2037. On all known 64-bit platforms and for the code we use
on 32-bit Windows, the range of representable times is billions of
years: however, not all can convert correctly times before 1902 or
after 2037. A few benighted OSes used a unsigned type and so cannot
represent times before 1970. Where possible the platform limits are detected, and outside
the limits we use our own C code. This uses the offset from
GMT in use either for 1902 (when there was no DST) or that predicted
for one of 2030 to 2037 (chosen so that the likely DST transition days
are Sundays), and uses the alternate (daylight-saving) time zone only
if isdst is positive or (if -1) if DST was predicted to
be in operation in the 2030s on that day. Note that there are places (e.g., Rome) whose offset from UTC varied
in the years prior to 1902, and these will be handled correctly only
where there is OS support. There is no reason to suppose that the DST rules will remain the same
in the future, and indeed the US legislated in 2005 to change its
rules as from 2007, with a possible future reversion. So conversions
for times more than a year or two ahead are speculative.Sys.timezone for
valid settings. Great care is needed when comparing objects of class "POSIXlt".
Not only are components and attributes optional; several components
may have values meaning ‘not yet determined’ and the same time
represented in different time zones will look quite different."POSIXct"
represents the (signed) number of seconds since the beginning of 1970
(in the UTC time zone) as a numeric vector. Class "POSIXlt" is
a named list of vectors representing
sec
min
hour
mday
mon
year
wday
yday
isdst
zone"" if unknown (but "" might also
be used for UTC).
gmtoffNA if
unknown, but 0 could mean unknown.
(The last two components are not present for times in UTC and are
platform-dependent: they are supported on platforms based on BSD or
glibc (including Linux and OS X) and those using the
tzcode implementation shipped with R (including Windows). But
they are not necessarily set.). Note that the internal list structure
is somewhat hidden, as many methods (including
length(x), print() and str)
apply to the abstract date-time vector, as for "POSIXct". The
classes correspond to the POSIX/C99 constructs of ‘calendar
time’ (the time_t data type) and ‘local time’ (or
broken-down time, the struct tm data type), from which they
also inherit their names. The components of "POSIXlt" are
integer vectors, except sec and zone.
"POSIXct" is more convenient for including in data frames, and
"POSIXlt" is closer to human-readable forms. A virtual class
"POSIXt" exists from which both of the classes inherit: it is
used to allow operations such as subtraction to mix the two classes.
Components wday and yday of "POSIXlt" are for
information, and are not used in the conversion to calendar time.
However, isdst is needed to distinguish times at the end of
DST: typically 1am to 2am occurs twice, first in DST and then in
standard time. At all other times isdst can be deduced from
the first six values, but the behaviour if it is set incorrectly is
platform-dependent.
Logical comparisons and some arithmetic operations are available for
both classes. One can add or subtract a number of seconds from a
date-time object, but not add two date-time objects. Subtraction of
two date-time objects is equivalent to using difftime.
Be aware that "POSIXlt" objects will be interpreted as being in
the current time zone for these operations unless a time zone has been
specified.
"POSIXlt" objects will often have an attribute "tzone",
a character vector of length 3 giving the time zone name from the
TZ environment variable and the names of the base time zone
and the alternate (daylight-saving) time zone. Sometimes this may
just be of length one, giving the time zone name.
"POSIXct" objects may also have an attribute "tzone", a
character vector of length one. If set to a non-empty value, it will
determine how the object is converted to class "POSIXlt" and in
particular how it is printed. This is usually desirable, but if you
want to specify an object in a particular time zone but to be printed
in the current time zone you may want to remove the "tzone"
attribute (e.g., by c(x)).
Unfortunately, the conversion is complicated by the operation of time
zones and leap seconds (26 days have been 86401 seconds long so far,
the last at the time of writing being added in 2015: the times of the
extra seconds are in the object .leap.seconds). The details of
this are entrusted to the OS services where possible. It seems that
some rare systems used to use leap seconds, but all known current
platforms ignore them (as required by POSIX). This is detected and
corrected for at build time, so "POSIXct" times used by R do
not include leap seconds on any platform.
Using c on "POSIXlt" objects converts them to the
current time zone, and on "POSIXct" objects drops any
"tzone" attributes (even if they are all marked with the same
time zone).
A few times have specific issues. First, the leap seconds are ignored,
and real times such as "2005-12-31 23:59:60" are (probably)
treated as the next second. However, they will never be generated by
R, and are unlikely to arise as input. Second, on some OSes there is
a problem in the POSIX/C99 standard with "1969-12-31 23:59:59 UTC",
which is -1 in calendar time and that value is on those OSes
also used as an error code. Thus as.POSIXct("1969-12-31
23:59:59", format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", tz = "UTC") may give
NA, and hence as.POSIXct("1969-12-31 23:59:59",
tz = "UTC") will give "1969-12-31 23:59:00". Other OSes
(including the code used by R on Windows) report errors separately
and so are able to handle that time as valid.
The print methods respect options("max.print").
as.POSIXct and as.POSIXlt for conversion
between the classes.
strptime for conversion to and from character
representations.
Sys.time for clock time as a "POSIXct" object.
difftime for time intervals.
cut.POSIXt, seq.POSIXt,
round.POSIXt and trunc.POSIXt for methods
for these classes.
weekdays for convenience extraction functions.