TTR (version 0.13-1)

MovingAverages: Moving Averages

Description

Calculate various moving averages (MA) of a series.

Usage

SMA(x, n=10)
  EMA(x, n=10, wilder=FALSE)
  WMA(x, n=10, wts=1:n)
 DEMA(x, n=10)
EVWMA(price, volume, n=10)
ZLEMA(x, n=10)

Arguments

x

Vector to be averaged.

price

Vector of prices to be averaged.

volume

Volume series corresponding to price series, or a constant. See Notes.

n

Number of periods to average over.

wts

Vector of weights. Length of wts vector must equal the length of x, or n (the default).

wilder

logical; if TRUE, a Welles Wilder type EMA will be calculated; see notes.

Value

• SMA
  Simple moving average.
• EMA
  Exponential moving average.
• WMA
  Weighted moving average.
• DEMA
  Double-exponential moving average.
• EVWMA
  Elastic, volume-weighted moving average.
• ZLEMA
  Zero lag exponential moving average.

Warning

Some indicators (e.g. EMA, DEMA, EVWMA, etc.) are calculated using the indicators' own previous values, and are therefore unstable in the short-term. As the indicator receives more data, its output becomes more stable. See example below.

Details

SMA calculates the arithmetic mean of the series over the past n observations. EMA calculates an exponentially-weighted mean, giving more weight to recent observations. See Warning section below. WMA is similar to an EMA, but with linear weighting, if the length of wts is equal to n. If the length of wts is equal to the length of x, the WMA will the values of wts as weights. DEMA is calculated as: DEMA = 2 * EMA(x,n) - EMA(EMA(x,n),n). EVWMA uses volume to define the period of the MA. ZLEMA is similar to an EMA, as it gives more weight to recent observations, but attempts to remove lag by subtracting data prior to (n-1)/2 periods to minimize the cumulative effect.

References

The following site(s) were used to code/document this indicator: http://www.fmlabs.com/reference/ExpMA.htm http://www.fmlabs.com/reference/WeightedMA.htm http://www.fmlabs.com/reference/DEMA.htm http://linnsoft.com/tour/techind/evwma.htm http://www.fmlabs.com/reference/ZeroLagExpMA.htm

See Also

See wilderSum, which is used in calculating a Welles Wilder type MA.

Examples

data(ttrc)
    ema.20 <-   EMA(ttrc[,"Close"], 20)
    sma.20 <-   SMA(ttrc[,"Close"], 20)
   dema.20 <-  DEMA(ttrc[,"Close"], 20)
  evwma.20 <- EVWMA(ttrc[,"Close"], 20)
  zlema.20 <- ZLEMA(ttrc[,"Close"], 20)

  ## Example of short-term instability of EMA
  x <- rnorm(100)
  tail( EMA(x[90:100],10), 1 )
  tail( EMA(x[70:100],10), 1 )
  tail( EMA(x[50:100],10), 1 )
  tail( EMA(x[30:100],10), 1 )
  tail( EMA(x[10:100],10), 1 )
  tail( EMA(x[ 1:100],10), 1 )