Anova: Anova Tables for Various Statistical Models

Description

Calculates type-II or type-III analysis-of-variance tables for model objects produced by lm, glm, multinom (in the nnet package), polr (in the MASS package), coxph (in the survival package), and for any model with a linear predictor and asymptotically normal coefficients that responds to the vcov and coef functions. For linear models, F-tests are calculated; for generalized linear models, likelihood-ratio chisquare, Wald chisquare, or F-tests are calculated; for multinomial logit and proportional-odds logit models, likelihood-ratio tests are calculated. Various test statistics are provided for multivariate linear models produced by lm or manova. Partial-ikelihood-ratio tests or Wald tests are provided for Cox models. Wald chi-square or F tests are provided in the default case.

Usage

Anova(mod, ...)

Manova(mod, ...)

## S3 method for class 'lm':
Anova(mod, error, type=c("II","III", 2, 3), 
	white.adjust=c("hc3", "hc0", "hc1", "hc2", "hc4"), ...)

## S3 method for class 'aov':
Anova(mod, ...)

## S3 method for class 'glm':
Anova(mod, type=c("II","III", 2, 3), 
    test.statistic=c("LR", "Wald", "F"), 
    error, error.estimate=c("pearson", "dispersion", "deviance"), ...)
    
## S3 method for class 'multinom':
Anova(mod, type = c("II","III", 2, 3), ...)

## S3 method for class 'polr':
Anova(mod, type = c("II","III", 2, 3), ...)

## S3 method for class 'mlm':
Anova(mod, type=c("II","III", 2, 3), SSPE, error.df, 
    idata, idesign, icontrasts=c("contr.sum", "contr.poly"),
    test.statistic=c("Pillai", "Wilks", "Hotelling-Lawley", "Roy"),...)
    
## S3 method for class 'manova':
Anova(mod, ...)

## S3 method for class 'mlm':
Manova(mod, ...)
    
## S3 method for class 'Anova.mlm':
print(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'Anova.mlm':
summary(object, test.statistic, multivariate=TRUE, 
    univariate=TRUE, digits=unlist(options("digits")), ...)
## S3 method for class 'coxph':
Anova(mod, type=c("II","III", 2, 3), 
	test.statistic=c("LR", "Wald"), ...)
## S3 method for class 'default':
Anova(mod, type=c("II","III", 2, 3), 
	test.statistic=c("Chisq", "F"), vcov.=vcov(mod), ...)

Arguments

mod

lm, aov, glm, multinom, polr or mlm model object.

error

for a linear model, an lm model object from which the error sum of squares and degrees of freedom are to be calculated. For F-tests for a generalized linear model, a glm object from which the dispersion is to be e

type

type of test, "II", "III", 2, or 3.

test.statistic

for a generalized linear model, whether to calculate "LR" (likelihood-ratio), "Wald", or "F" tests; for a Cox model, whether to calculate "LR" (partial-likelihood ratio) or "Wald"

error.estimate

for F-tests for a generalized linear model, base the
    dispersion estimate on the Pearson residuals (pearson, the default); use the
    dispersion estimate in the model object (dispersion), which, e.g., is
    fixed to 1 for

white.adjust

if specified, tests use a heteroscedasticity-corrected coefficient
    covariance matrix; the various values of the argument specify different corrections.
    See the documentation for hccm for details. If

SSPE

The error sum-of-squares-and-products matrix; if missing, will be computed
    from the residuals of the model.

error.df

The degrees of freedom for error; if missing, will be taken from the model.

idata

an optional data frame giving a factor or factors defining the
    intra-subject model for multivariate repeated-measures data. See 
    Details for an explanation of the intra-subject design and for
    further explanation of the other argume

idesign

a one-sided model formula using the ``data'' in idata and
    specifying the intra-subject design.

icontrasts

names of contrast-generating functions to be applied by default
    to factors and ordered factors, respectively, in the within-subject
    ``data''; the contrasts must produce an intra-subject model 
    matrix in which different terms are orthogonal.

x, object

object of class "Anova.mlm" to print or summarize.

multivariate, univariate

print multivariate and univariate tests for a repeated-measures
    ANOVA; the default is TRUE for both.

digits

minimum number of significant digits to print.

vcov.

an optional coefficient-covariance matrix, computed by default by applying the 
  	generic vcov function to the model object.

...

do not use.

`Value`

An object of class "anova", or "Anova.mlm", which usually is printed.
  For objects of class "Anova.mlm", there is also a summary method, 
  which provides much more detail than the print method about the MANOVA, including
  traditional mixed-model univariate F-tests with Greenhouse-Geisser and Hunyh-Feldt
  corrections.

`Warning`

Be careful of type-III tests.

`Details`

The designations "type-II" and "type-III" are borrowed from SAS, but the
  definitions used here do not correspond precisely to those employed by SAS. 
  Type-II tests are calculated according to the principle of marginality,
  testing each term after all others, except ignoring the term's higher-order relatives;
  so-called type-III tests violate marginality, testing 
  each term in the model after all of the others. This definition of Type-II tests 
  corresponds to the tests produced by SAS for analysis-of-variance models, where all of the predictors
  are factors, but not more generally (i.e., when there are quantitative predictors).
  Be very careful in formulating the model for type-III tests, or the hypotheses tested
  will not make sense. 
  
  As implemented here, type-II Wald tests are a generalization of the linear hypotheses used to generate
  these tests in linear models.
  
  For tests for linear models, multivariate linear models, and Wald tests for generalized linear models,
  Cox models, and in the default case,
  Anova finds the test statistics without refitting the model.
  
  The standard R anova function calculates sequential ("type-I") tests.
  These rarely test interesting hypotheses.
  
  A MANOVA for a multivariate linear model (i.e., an object of
  class "mlm" or "manova") can optionally include an 
  intra-subject repeated-measures design.
  If the intra-subject design is absent (the default), the multivariate 
  tests concern all of  the response variables. 
  To specify a repeated-measures design, a data frame is provided defining the repeated-measures factor or
  factors 
  via idata, with default contrasts given by the icontrasts
  argument. An intra-subject model-matrix is generated from the formula 
  specified by the idesign argument; columns of the model matrix 
  corresponding to different terms in the intra-subject model must be orthogonal 
  (as is insured by the default contrasts). Note that the contrasts given in
  icontrasts can be overridden by assigning specific contrasts to the
  factors in idata. Manova is essentially a synonym for Anova
  for multivariate linear models.

`References`

Fox, J. (1997)
  Applied Regression, Linear Models, and Related Methods. Sage.
  
  Hand, D. J., and Taylor, C. C. (1987)
  Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Repeated Measures: A Practical
  Approach for Behavioural Scientists. Chapman and Hall.
  
  O'Brien, R. G., and Kaiser, M. K. (1985)
  MANOVA method for analyzing repeated measures designs: An extensive primer.
  Psychological Bulletin 97, 316--333.

`See Also`

linear.hypothesis, anova
anova.lm, anova.glm, 
anova.mlm, anova.coxph.

`Examples`

Run this code## Two-Way Anova

mod <- lm(conformity ~ fcategory*partner.status, data=Moore, 
  contrasts=list(fcategory=contr.sum, partner.status=contr.sum))
Anova(mod)
## Anova Table (Type II tests)
##
## Response: conformity
##                         Sum Sq Df F value   Pr(>F)
## fcategory                 11.61  2  0.2770 0.759564
## partner.status           212.21  1 10.1207 0.002874
## fcategory:partner.status 175.49  2  4.1846 0.022572
## Residuals                817.76 39                 
Anova(mod, type="III")
## Anova Table (Type III tests)
##
## Response: conformity
##                          Sum Sq Df  F value    Pr(>F)
## (Intercept)              5752.8  1 274.3592 < 2.2e-16
## fcategory                  36.0  2   0.8589  0.431492
## partner.status            239.6  1  11.4250  0.001657
## fcategory:partner.status  175.5  2   4.1846  0.022572
## Residuals                 817.8 39

## One-Way MANOVA
## See ?Pottery for a description of the data set used in this example.

summary(Anova(lm(cbind(Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na) ~ Site, data=Pottery)))

## Type II MANOVA Tests:
## 
## Sum of squares and products for error:
##            Al          Fe          Mg          Ca         Na
## Al 48.2881429  7.08007143  0.60801429  0.10647143 0.58895714
## Fe  7.0800714 10.95084571  0.52705714 -0.15519429 0.06675857
## Mg  0.6080143  0.52705714 15.42961143  0.43537714 0.02761571
## Ca  0.1064714 -0.15519429  0.43537714  0.05148571 0.01007857
## Na  0.5889571  0.06675857  0.02761571  0.01007857 0.19929286
## 
## ------------------------------------------
##  
## Term: Site 
## 
## Sum of squares and products for the hypothesis:
##             Al          Fe          Mg         Ca         Na
## Al  175.610319 -149.295533 -130.809707 -5.8891637 -5.3722648
## Fe -149.295533  134.221616  117.745035  4.8217866  5.3259491
## Mg -130.809707  117.745035  103.350527  4.2091613  4.7105458
## Ca   -5.889164    4.821787    4.209161  0.2047027  0.1547830
## Na   -5.372265    5.325949    4.710546  0.1547830  0.2582456
## 
## Multivariate Tests: Site
##                        Df test stat  approx F   num Df   den Df     Pr(>F)    
## Pillai            3.00000   1.55394   4.29839 15.00000 60.00000 2.4129e-05 ***
## Wilks             3.00000   0.01230  13.08854 15.00000 50.09147 1.8404e-12 ***
## Hotelling-Lawley  3.00000  35.43875  39.37639 15.00000 50.00000 < 2.22e-16 ***
## Roy               3.00000  34.16111 136.64446  5.00000 20.00000 9.4435e-15 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 

## MANOVA for a randomized block design (example courtesy of Michael Friendly:
##  See ?Soils for description of the data set)

soils.mod <- lm(cbind(pH,N,Dens,P,Ca,Mg,K,Na,Conduc) ~ Block + Contour*Depth, 
    data=Soils)
Manova(soils.mod)

## Type II MANOVA Tests: Pillai test statistic
##                Df test stat approx F num Df den Df    Pr(>F)    
## Block           3    1.6758   3.7965     27     81 1.777e-06 ***
## Contour         2    1.3386   5.8468     18     52 2.730e-07 ***
## Depth           3    1.7951   4.4697     27     81 8.777e-08 ***
## Contour:Depth   6    1.2351   0.8640     54    180    0.7311    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 


## a multivariate linear model for repeated-measures data
## See ?OBrienKaiser for a description of the data set used in this example.

phase <- factor(rep(c("pretest", "posttest", "followup"), c(5, 5, 5)),
    levels=c("pretest", "posttest", "followup"))
hour <- ordered(rep(1:5, 3))
idata <- data.frame(phase, hour)
idata
##       phase hour
## 1   pretest    1
## 2   pretest    2
## 3   pretest    3
## 4   pretest    4
## 5   pretest    5
## 6  posttest    1
## 7  posttest    2
## 8  posttest    3
## 9  posttest    4
## 10 posttest    5
## 11 followup    1
## 12 followup    2
## 13 followup    3
## 14 followup    4
## 15 followup    5

mod.ok <- lm(cbind(pre.1, pre.2, pre.3, pre.4, pre.5, 
                     post.1, post.2, post.3, post.4, post.5, 
                     fup.1, fup.2, fup.3, fup.4, fup.5) ~  treatment*gender, 
                data=OBrienKaiser)
(av.ok <- Anova(mod.ok, idata=idata, idesign=~phase*hour)) 
## Type II Repeated Measures MANOVA Tests: Pillai test statistic
##                             Df test stat approx F num Df den Df    Pr(>F)    
## treatment                    2    0.4809   4.6323      2     10 0.0376868 *  
## gender                       1    0.2036   2.5558      1     10 0.1409735    
## treatment:gender             2    0.3635   2.8555      2     10 0.1044692    
## phase                        1    0.8505  25.6053      2      9 0.0001930 ***
## treatment:phase              2    0.6852   2.6056      4     20 0.0667354 .  
## gender:phase                 1    0.0431   0.2029      2      9 0.8199968    
## treatment:gender:phase       2    0.3106   0.9193      4     20 0.4721498    
## hour                         1    0.9347  25.0401      4      7 0.0003043 ***
## treatment:hour               2    0.3014   0.3549      8     16 0.9295212    
## gender:hour                  1    0.2927   0.7243      4      7 0.6023742    
## treatment:gender:hour        2    0.5702   0.7976      8     16 0.6131884    
## phase:hour                   1    0.5496   0.4576      8      3 0.8324517    
## treatment:phase:hour         2    0.6637   0.2483     16      8 0.9914415    
## gender:phase:hour            1    0.6950   0.8547      8      3 0.6202076    
## treatment:gender:phase:hour  2    0.7928   0.3283     16      8 0.9723693    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 

summary(av.ok, multivariate=FALSE)

## Univariate Type II Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                                  SS num Df Error SS den Df       F    Pr(>F)
## treatment                   211.286      2  228.056     10  4.6323  0.037687
## gender                       58.286      1  228.056     10  2.5558  0.140974
## treatment:gender            130.241      2  228.056     10  2.8555  0.104469
## phase                       167.500      2   80.278     20 20.8651 1.274e-05
## treatment:phase              78.668      4   80.278     20  4.8997  0.006426
## gender:phase                  1.668      2   80.278     20  0.2078  0.814130
## treatment:gender:phase       10.221      4   80.278     20  0.6366  0.642369
## hour                        106.292      4   62.500     40 17.0067 3.191e-08
## treatment:hour                1.161      8   62.500     40  0.0929  0.999257
## gender:hour                   2.559      4   62.500     40  0.4094  0.800772
## treatment:gender:hour         7.755      8   62.500     40  0.6204  0.755484
## phase:hour                   11.083      8   96.167     80  1.1525  0.338317
## treatment:phase:hour          6.262     16   96.167     80  0.3256  0.992814
## gender:phase:hour             6.636      8   96.167     80  0.6900  0.699124
## treatment:gender:phase:hour  14.155     16   96.167     80  0.7359  0.749562
## 
## treatment                   *
## gender
## treatment:gender
## phase                       ***
## treatment:phase             **
## gender:phase
## treatment:gender:phase
## hour                        ***
## treatment:hour
## gender:hour
## treatment:gender:hour
## phase:hour
## treatment:phase:hour
## gender:phase:hour
## treatment:gender:phase:hour
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                             Test statistic p-value
## phase                              0.74927 0.27282
## treatment:phase                    0.74927 0.27282
## gender:phase                       0.74927 0.27282
## treatment:gender:phase             0.74927 0.27282
## hour                               0.06607 0.00760
## treatment:hour                     0.06607 0.00760
## gender:hour                        0.06607 0.00760
## treatment:gender:hour              0.06607 0.00760
## phase:hour                         0.00478 0.44939
## treatment:phase:hour               0.00478 0.44939
## gender:phase:hour                  0.00478 0.44939
## treatment:gender:phase:hour        0.00478 0.44939
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                              GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## phase                       0.79953  7.323e-05 ***
## treatment:phase             0.79953    0.01223 *
## gender:phase                0.79953    0.76616
## treatment:gender:phase      0.79953    0.61162
## hour                        0.46028  8.741e-05 ***
## treatment:hour              0.46028    0.97879
## gender:hour                 0.46028    0.65346
## treatment:gender:hour       0.46028    0.64136
## phase:hour                  0.44950    0.34573
## treatment:phase:hour        0.44950    0.94019
## gender:phase:hour           0.44950    0.58903
## treatment:gender:phase:hour 0.44950    0.64634
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                              HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## phase                       0.92786  2.388e-05 ***
## treatment:phase             0.92786    0.00809 **
## gender:phase                0.92786    0.79845
## treatment:gender:phase      0.92786    0.63200
## hour                        0.55928  2.014e-05 ***
## treatment:hour              0.55928    0.98877
## gender:hour                 0.55928    0.69115
## treatment:gender:hour       0.55928    0.66930
## phase:hour                  0.73306    0.34405
## treatment:phase:hour        0.73306    0.98047
## gender:phase:hour           0.73306    0.65524
## treatment:gender:phase:hour 0.73306    0.70801
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
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