Return a list of points which linearly interpolate given data points, or a function performing the linear (or constant) interpolation.
approx (x, y = NULL, xout, method = "linear", n = 50,
yleft, yright, rule = 1, f = 0, ties = mean)approxfun(x, y = NULL, method = "linear",
yleft, yright, rule = 1, f = 0, ties = mean)
numeric vectors giving the coordinates of the points to be
interpolated. Alternatively a single plotting structure can be
specified: see xy.coords.
an optional set of numeric values specifying where interpolation is to take place.
specifies the interpolation method to be used. Choices
are "linear" or "constant".
If xout is not specified, interpolation takes place at
n equally spaced points spanning the interval [min(x),
max(x)].
the value to be returned when input x values are
less than min(x). The default is defined by the value
of rule given below.
the value to be returned when input x values are
greater than max(x). The default is defined by the value
of rule given below.
an integer (of length 1 or 2) describing how interpolation
is to take place outside the interval [min(x), max(x)].
If rule is 1 then NAs are returned for such
points and if it is 2, the value at the closest data extreme
is used. Use, e.g., rule = 2:1, if the left and right side
extrapolation should differ.
for method = "constant" a number between 0 and 1
inclusive, indicating a compromise between left- and
right-continuous step functions. If y0 and y1 are
the values to the left and right of the point then the value is
y0 if f == 0, y1 if f == 1, and
y0*(1-f)+y1*f for intermediate values. In this way the result is
right-continuous for f == 0 and left-continuous for f
== 1, even for non-finite y values.
handling of tied x values. The string
"ordered" or a function (or the name of a function)
taking a single vector argument and returning a single number
or a list of both, e.g.,
list("ordered", mean), see ‘Details’.
approx returns a list with components x and y,
containing n coordinates which interpolate the given data
points according to the method (and rule) desired.
The function approxfun returns a function performing (linear or
constant) interpolation of the given data points. For a given set of
x values, this function will return the corresponding
interpolated values. It uses data stored in its environment when it
was created, the details of which are subject to change.
The value returned by approxfun contains references to the code
in the current version of R: it is not intended to be saved and
loaded into a different R session. This is safer for R >= 3.0.0.
The inputs can contain missing values which are deleted, so at least
two complete (x, y) pairs are required (for method =
"linear", one otherwise). If there are duplicated (tied) x
values and ties contains a function it is applied to the y
values for each distinct x value to produce (x,y) pairs
with unique x.
Useful functions in this context include mean,
min, and max.
If ties = "ordered" the x values are assumed to be already
ordered (and unique) and ties are not checked but kept if present.
This is the fastest option for large length(x).
If ties is a list of length two, ties[[2]]
must be a function to be applied to ties, see above, but if
ties[[1]] is identical to "ordered", the x values
are assumed to be sorted and are only checked for ties. Consequently,
ties = list("ordered", mean) will be slightly more efficient than
the default ties = mean in such a case.
The first y value will be used for interpolation to the left and the last
one for interpolation to the right.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
# NOT RUN {
require(graphics)
x <- 1:10
y <- rnorm(10)
par(mfrow = c(2,1))
plot(x, y, main = "approx(.) and approxfun(.)")
points(approx(x, y), col = 2, pch = "*")
points(approx(x, y, method = "constant"), col = 4, pch = "*")
f <- approxfun(x, y)
curve(f(x), 0, 11, col = "green2")
points(x, y)
is.function(fc <- approxfun(x, y, method = "const")) # TRUE
curve(fc(x), 0, 10, col = "darkblue", add = TRUE)
## different extrapolation on left and right side :
plot(approxfun(x, y, rule = 2:1), 0, 11,
col = "tomato", add = TRUE, lty = 3, lwd = 2)
## Show treatment of 'ties' :
x <- c(2,2:4,4,4,5,5,7,7,7)
y <- c(1:6, 5:4, 3:1)
(amy <- approx(x, y, xout = x)$y) # warning, can be avoided by specifying 'ties=':
op <- options(warn=2) # warnings would be error
stopifnot(identical(amy, approx(x, y, xout = x, ties=mean)$y))
options(op) # revert
(ay <- approx(x, y, xout = x, ties = "ordered")$y)
stopifnot(amy == c(1.5,1.5, 3, 5,5,5, 4.5,4.5, 2,2,2),
ay == c(2, 2, 3, 6,6,6, 4, 4, 1,1,1))
approx(x, y, xout = x, ties = min)$y
approx(x, y, xout = x, ties = max)$y
# }
# NOT RUN {
<!-- %%-- MM has nice utility plotting -- do in demo ? -->
# }
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