Creates a bar plot with vertical or horizontal bars.
barplot(height, …)# S3 method for default
barplot(height, width = 1, space = NULL,
names.arg = NULL, legend.text = NULL, beside = FALSE,
horiz = FALSE, density = NULL, angle = 45,
col = NULL, border = par("fg"),
main = NULL, sub = NULL, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL,
xlim = NULL, ylim = NULL, xpd = TRUE, log = "",
axes = TRUE, axisnames = TRUE,
cex.axis = par("cex.axis"), cex.names = par("cex.axis"),
inside = TRUE, plot = TRUE, axis.lty = 0, offset = 0,
add = FALSE, ann = !add && par("ann"), args.legend = NULL, …)
# S3 method for formula
barplot(formula, data, subset, na.action,
horiz = FALSE, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, …)
either a vector or matrix of values describing the
bars which make up the plot. If height is a vector, the
plot consists of a sequence of rectangular bars with heights
given by the values in the vector. If height is a matrix
and beside is FALSE then each bar of the plot
corresponds to a column of height, with the values in the
column giving the heights of stacked sub-bars making up the
bar. If height is a matrix and beside is
TRUE, then the values in each column are juxtaposed
rather than stacked.
optional vector of bar widths. Re-cycled to length the
number of bars drawn. Specifying a single value will have no
visible effect unless xlim is specified.
the amount of space (as a fraction of the average bar
width) left before each bar. May be given as a single number or
one number per bar. If height is a matrix and
beside is TRUE, space may be specified by
two numbers, where the first is the space between bars in the
same group, and the second the space between the groups. If not
given explicitly, it defaults to c(0,1) if height
is a matrix and beside is TRUE, and to 0.2
otherwise.
a vector of names to be plotted below each bar or
group of bars. If this argument is omitted, then the names are
taken from the names attribute of height if this
is a vector, or the column names if it is a matrix.
a vector of text used to construct a legend for
the plot, or a logical indicating whether a legend should be
included. This is only useful when height is a matrix.
In that case given legend labels should correspond to the rows of
height; if legend.text is true, the row names of
height will be used as labels if they are non-null.
a logical value. If FALSE, the columns of
height are portrayed as stacked bars, and if TRUE
the columns are portrayed as juxtaposed bars.
a logical value. If FALSE, the bars are drawn
vertically with the first bar to the left. If TRUE, the
bars are drawn horizontally with the first at the bottom.
a vector giving the density of shading lines, in
lines per inch, for the bars or bar components.
The default value of NULL means that no shading lines
are drawn. Non-positive values of density also inhibit the
drawing of shading lines.
the slope of shading lines, given as an angle in degrees (counter-clockwise), for the bars or bar components.
a vector of colors for the bars or bar components.
By default, grey is used if height is a vector, and a
gamma-corrected grey palette if height is a matrix.
the color to be used for the border of the bars.
Use border = NA to omit borders. If there are shading
lines, border = TRUE means use the same colour for
the border as for the shading lines.
overall and sub title for the plot.
a label for the x axis.
a label for the y axis.
limits for the x axis.
limits for the y axis.
logical. Should bars be allowed to go outside region?
string specifying if axis scales should be logarithmic; see
plot.default.
logical. If TRUE, a vertical (or horizontal, if
horiz is true) axis is drawn.
logical. If TRUE, and if there are
names.arg (see above), the
other axis is drawn (with lty = 0) and labeled.
expansion factor for numeric axis labels.
expansion factor for axis names (bar labels).
logical. If TRUE, the lines which divide
adjacent (non-stacked!) bars will be drawn. Only applies when
space = 0 (which it partly is when beside = TRUE).
logical. If FALSE, nothing is plotted.
the graphics parameter lty applied to the axis
and tick marks of the categorical (default horizontal) axis. Note
that by default the axis is suppressed.
a vector indicating how much the bars should be shifted relative to the x axis.
logical specifying if bars should be added to an already
existing plot; defaults to FALSE.
logical specifying if the default annotation (main,
sub, xlab, ylab) should appear on the plot, see
title.
list of additional arguments to pass to
legend(); names of the list are used as argument
names. Only used if legend.text is supplied.
a formula where the y variables are numeric data
to plot against the categorical x variables. The formula
can have one of three forms:
y ~ x
y ~ x1 + x2
cbind(y1, y2) ~ x, see the examples.
a data frame (or list) from which the variables in formula should be taken.
an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used.
a function which indicates what should happen when
the data contain NA values. The default is to ignore missing
values in the given variables.
arguments to be passed to/from other methods. For the
default method these can include further arguments (such as
axes, asp and main) and
graphical parameters (see par) which are passed to
plot.window(), title() and
axis.
A numeric vector (or matrix, when beside = TRUE), say
mp, giving the coordinates of all the bar midpoints
drawn, useful for adding to the graph.
If beside is true, use colMeans(mp) for the
midpoints of each group of bars, see example.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Murrell, P. (2005) R Graphics. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
plot(…, type = "h"), dotchart;
hist for bars of a continuous variable.
mosaicplot(), more sophisticated to visualize
several categorical variables.
# NOT RUN {
# Formula method
barplot(GNP ~ Year, data = longley)
barplot(cbind(Employed, Unemployed) ~ Year, data = longley)
## 3rd form of formula - 2 categories :
op <- par(mfrow = 2:1, mgp = c(3,1,0)/2, mar = .1+c(3,3:1))
summary(d.Titanic <- as.data.frame(Titanic))
barplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, data = d.Titanic,
subset = Age == "Adult" & Sex == "Male",
main = "barplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, *)", ylab = "# {passengers}", legend = TRUE)
# Corresponding table :
(xt <- xtabs(Freq ~ Survived + Class + Sex, d.Titanic, subset = Age=="Adult"))
# Alternatively, a mosaic plot :
mosaicplot(xt[,,"Male"], main = "mosaicplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, *)", color=TRUE)
par(op)
# Default method
require(grDevices) # for colours
tN <- table(Ni <- stats::rpois(100, lambda = 5))
r <- barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20))
#- type = "h" plotting *is* 'bar'plot
lines(r, tN, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 2)
barplot(tN, space = 1.5, axisnames = FALSE,
sub = "barplot(..., space= 1.5, axisnames = FALSE)")
barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE)
barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE, beside = TRUE)
mp <- barplot(VADeaths) # default
tot <- colMeans(VADeaths)
text(mp, tot + 3, format(tot), xpd = TRUE, col = "blue")
barplot(VADeaths, beside = TRUE,
col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose", "lightcyan",
"lavender", "cornsilk"),
legend = rownames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0, 100))
title(main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4)
hh <- t(VADeaths)[, 5:1]
mybarcol <- "gray20"
mp <- barplot(hh, beside = TRUE,
col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose",
"lightcyan", "lavender"),
legend = colnames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0,100),
main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4,
sub = "Faked upper 2*sigma error bars", col.sub = mybarcol,
cex.names = 1.5)
segments(mp, hh, mp, hh + 2*sqrt(1000*hh/100), col = mybarcol, lwd = 1.5)
stopifnot(dim(mp) == dim(hh)) # corresponding matrices
mtext(side = 1, at = colMeans(mp), line = -2,
text = paste("Mean", formatC(colMeans(hh))), col = "red")
# Bar shading example
barplot(VADeaths, angle = 15+10*1:5, density = 20, col = "black",
legend = rownames(VADeaths))
title(main = list("Death Rates in Virginia", font = 4))
# Border color
barplot(VADeaths, border = "dark blue")
# }
# NOT RUN {
<!-- % lwd = 2 << not passed -->
# }
# NOT RUN {
<!-- %notyet barplot(VADeaths, inside = FALSE, main = "barplot(*, inside = FALSE)") -->
# }
# NOT RUN {
# Log scales (not much sense here)
barplot(tN, col = heat.colors(12), log = "y")
barplot(tN, col = gray.colors(20), log = "xy")
# Legend location
barplot(height = cbind(x = c(465, 91) / 465 * 100,
y = c(840, 200) / 840 * 100,
z = c(37, 17) / 37 * 100),
beside = FALSE,
width = c(465, 840, 37),
col = c(1, 2),
legend.text = c("A", "B"),
args.legend = list(x = "topleft"))
# }
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