base (version 3.2.1)

by: Apply a Function to a Data Frame Split by Factors

Description

Function by is an object-oriented wrapper for tapply applied to data frames.

Usage

by(data, INDICES, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE)

Arguments

data

an R object, normally a data frame, possibly a matrix.

INDICES

a factor or a list of factors, each of length nrow(data).

FUN

a function to be applied to (usually data-frame) subsets of data.

...

further arguments to FUN.

simplify

logical: see tapply.

Value

An object of class "by", giving the results for each subset. This is always a list if simplify is false, otherwise a list or array (see tapply).

Details

A data frame is split by row into data frames subsetted by the values of one or more factors, and function FUN is applied to each subset in turn.

For the default method, an object with dimensions (e.g., a matrix) is coerced to a data frame and the data frame method applied. Other objects are also coerced to a data frame, but FUN is applied separately to (subsets of) each column of the data frame.

See Also

tapply, simplify2array. ave also applies a function block-wise.

Examples

require(stats)
by(warpbreaks[, 1:2], warpbreaks[,"tension"], summary)
by(warpbreaks[, 1],   warpbreaks[, -1],       summary)
by(warpbreaks, warpbreaks[,"tension"],
   function(x) lm(breaks ~ wool, data = x))

## now suppose we want to extract the coefficients by group
tmp <- with(warpbreaks,
            by(warpbreaks, tension,
               function(x) lm(breaks ~ wool, data = x)))
sapply(tmp, coef)