car (version 2.1-6)

Ellipses: Ellipses, Data Ellipses, and Confidence Ellipses

Description

These functions draw ellipses, including data ellipses, and confidence ellipses for linear, generalized linear, and possibly other models.

Usage

ellipse(center, shape, radius, log="", center.pch=19, center.cex=1.5, 
  segments=51, draw=TRUE, add=draw, xlab="", ylab="", 
   col=palette()[2], lwd=2, fill=FALSE, fill.alpha=0.3, grid=TRUE, ...)
dataEllipse(x, y, groups, group.labels = group.levels, ellipse.label, 
    weights, log = "", levels = c(0.5, 0.95), center.pch = 19, 
    center.cex = 1.5, draw = TRUE, plot.points = draw, add = !plot.points, 
    segments = 51, robust = FALSE, xlab = deparse(substitute(x)), 
    ylab = deparse(substitute(y)), 
    col = if (missing(groups)) palette()[1:2] else palette()[1:length(group.levels)], 
    pch = if (missing(groups)) 1 else seq(group.levels), lwd = 2, 
    fill = FALSE, fill.alpha = 0.3, grid = TRUE, labels, id.method = "mahal", 
    id.n = if (id.method[1] == "identify") Inf else 0, id.cex = 1, 
    id.col = if (missing(groups)) palette()[1] else palette()(1:length(groups)), 
    id.location="lr", ...) 
confidenceEllipse(model, ...)
# S3 method for lm
confidenceEllipse(model, which.coef, L, levels=0.95, Scheffe=FALSE, dfn,
  center.pch=19, center.cex=1.5, segments=51, xlab, ylab, 
  col=palette()[2], lwd=2, fill=FALSE, fill.alpha=0.3, draw=TRUE, add=!draw, ...)
  
# S3 method for glm
confidenceEllipse(model, chisq, ...)
# S3 method for default
confidenceEllipse(model, which.coef, L, levels=0.95, Scheffe=FALSE,  dfn,
  center.pch=19, center.cex=1.5, segments=51, xlab, ylab, 
  col=palette()[2], lwd=2, fill=FALSE, fill.alpha=0.3, draw=TRUE, add=!draw, ...)

Arguments

center

2-element vector with coordinates of center of ellipse.

shape

\(2\times 2\) shape (or covariance) matrix.

radius

radius of circle generating the ellipse.

log

when an ellipse is to be added to an existing plot, indicates whether computations were on logged values and to be plotted on logged axes; "x" if the x-axis is logged, "y" if the y-axis is logged, and "xy" or "yx" if both axes are logged. The default is "", indicating that neither axis is logged.

center.pch

character for plotting ellipse center; if FALSE or NULL the center point isn't plotted.

center.cex

relative size of character for plotting ellipse center.

segments

number of line-segments used to draw ellipse.

draw

if TRUE produce graphical output; if FALSE, only invisibly return coordinates of ellipse(s).

add

if TRUE add ellipse(s) to current plot.

xlab

label for horizontal axis.

ylab

label for vertical axis.

x

a numeric vector, or (if y is missing) a 2-column numeric matrix.

y

a numeric vector, of the same length as x.

groups

optional: a factor to divide the data into groups; a separate ellipse will be plotted for each group (level of the factor).

group.labels

labels to be plotted for the groups; by default, the levels of the groups factor.

ellipse.label

a label for the ellipse(s) or a vector of labels; if several ellipses are drawn and just one label is given, then that label will be repeated. The default is not to label the ellipses.

weights

a numeric vector of weights, of the same length as x and y to be used by cov.wt or cov.trob in computing a weighted covariance matrix; if absent, weights of 1 are used.

plot.points

if FALSE data ellipses are drawn, but points are not plotted.

levels

draw elliptical contours at these (normal) probability or confidence levels.

robust

if TRUE use the cov.trob function in the MASS package to calculate the center and covariance matrix for the data ellipse.

model

a model object produced by lm or glm.

which.coef

2-element vector giving indices of coefficients to plot; if missing, the first two coefficients (disregarding the regression constant) will be selected.

L

As an alternative to selecting coefficients to plot, a transformation matrix can be specified to compute two linear combinations of the coefficients; if the L matrix is given, it takes precedence over the which.coef argument. L should have two rows and as many columns as there are coefficients. It can be given directly as a numeric matrix, or specified by a pair of character-valued expressions, in the same manner as for the link{linearHypothesis} function, but with no right-hand side.

Scheffe

if TRUE scale the ellipse so that its projections onto the axes give Scheffe confidence intervals for the coefficients.

dfn

``numerator'' degrees of freedom (or just degrees of freedom for a GLM) for drawing the confidence ellipse. Defaults to the number of coefficients in the model (disregarding the constant) if Scheffe is TRUE, or to 2 otherwise; selecting dfn = 1 will draw the ``confidence-interval generating'' ellipse, with projections on the axes corresponding to individual confidence intervals with the stated level of coverage.

chisq

if TRUE, the confidence ellipse for the coefficients in a generalized linear model are based on the chisquare statistic, if FALSE on the $F$-statistic. This corresponds to using the default and linear-model methods respectively.

col

color for lines and ellipse center; the default is the second entry in the current color palette (see palette and par). For dataEllipse, two colors can be given, in which case the first is for plotted points and the second for lines and the ellipse center; if ellipses are plotted for groups, then this is a vector of colors for the groups.

pch

for dataEllipse this is the plotting character (default, symbol 1, a hollow circle) to use for the points; if ellipses are plotted by groups, then this a vector of plotting characters, with consecutive symbols starting with 1 as the default.

lwd

line width; default is 2 (see par).

fill

fill the ellipse with translucent color col (default, FALSE)?

fill.alpha

transparency of fill (default = 0.3).

…

other plotting parameters to be passed to plot and line.

labels,id.method,id.n,id.cex,id.col,id.location

Arguments for the labelling of points. The default is id.n=0 for labeling no points. See showLabels for details of these arguments.

grid

If TRUE, the default, a light-gray background grid is put on the graph

Value

These functions are mainly used for their side effect of producing plots. For greater flexibility (e.g., adding plot annotations), however, ellipse returns invisibly the (x, y) coordinates of the calculated ellipse. dataEllipse and confidenceEllipse return invisibly the coordinates of one or more ellipses, in the latter instance a list named by levels.

Details

The ellipse is computed by suitably transforming a unit circle.

dataEllipse superimposes the normal-probability contours over a scatterplot of the data.

References

Fox, J. (2008) Applied Regression Analysis and Generalized Linear Models, Second Edition. Sage.

Fox, J. and Weisberg, S. (2011) An R Companion to Applied Regression, Second Edition, Sage.

Monette, G. (1990) Geometry of multiple regression and 3D graphics. In Fox, J. and Long, J. S. (Eds.) Modern Methods of Data Analysis. Sage.

See Also

cov.trob, cov.wt, linearHypothesis.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
dataEllipse(Duncan$income, Duncan$education, levels=0.1*1:9, 
    ellipse.label=0.1*1:9, lty=2, fill=TRUE, fill.alpha=0.1)
confidenceEllipse(lm(prestige~income+education, data=Duncan), Scheffe=TRUE)
confidenceEllipse(lm(prestige~income+education, data=Duncan), 
	L=c("income + education", "income - education"))

wts <- rep(1, nrow(Duncan))
wts[c(6, 16)] <- 0 # delete Minister, Conductor
with(Duncan, {
	dataEllipse(income, prestige, levels=0.68)
	dataEllipse(income, prestige, levels=0.68, robust=TRUE, plot.points=FALSE, col="green3")
	dataEllipse(income, prestige, weights=wts, levels=0.68, plot.points=FALSE, col="brown")
	dataEllipse(income, prestige, weights=wts, robust=TRUE, levels=0.68, 
		plot.points=FALSE, col="blue")
	})
    
with(Prestige, dataEllipse(income, education, type, id.n=2, pch=15:17,
    labels=rownames(Prestige), xlim=c(0, 25000), center.pch="+",
    group.labels=c("Blue Collar", "Professional", "White Collar"),
    ylim=c(5, 20), level=.95, fill=TRUE, fill.alpha=0.1))
# }