LaplacesDemon (version 16.1.6)

dist.Multivariate.Cauchy.Precision: Multivariate Cauchy Distribution: Precision Parameterization

Description

These functions provide the density and random number generation for the multivariate Cauchy distribution. These functions use the precision parameterization.

Usage

dmvcp(x, mu, Omega, log=FALSE)
rmvcp(n=1, mu, Omega)

Arguments

x

This is either a vector of length \(k\) or a matrix with a number of columns, \(k\), equal to the number of columns in precision matrix \(\Omega\).

n

This is the number of random draws.

mu

This is a numeric vector representing the location parameter, \(\mu\) (the mean vector), of the multivariate distribution. It must be of length \(k\), as defined above.

Omega

This is a \(k \times k\) positive-definite precision matrix \(\Omega\).

log

Logical. If log=TRUE, then the logarithm of the density is returned.

Value

dmvcp gives the density and rmvcp generates random deviates.

Details

• Application: Continuous Multivariate

• Density: $$p(\theta) = \frac{\Gamma((1+k)/2)}{\Gamma(1/2)1^{k/2}\pi^{k/2}} |\Omega|^{1/2} (1 + (\theta-\mu)^T \Omega (\theta-\mu))^{-(1+k)/2}$$

• Inventor: Unknown (to me, anyway)

• Notation 1: \(\theta \sim \mathcal{MC}_k(\mu, \Omega^{-1})\)

• Notation 2: \(p(\theta) = \mathcal{MC}_k(\theta | \mu, \Omega^{-1})\)

• Parameter 1: location vector \(\mu\)

• Parameter 2: positive-definite \(k \times k\) precision matrix \(\Omega\)

• Mean: \(E(\theta) = \mu\)

• Variance: \(var(\theta) = undefined\)

• Mode: \(mode(\theta) = \mu\)

The multivariate Cauchy distribution is a multidimensional extension of the one-dimensional or univariate Cauchy distribution. A random vector is considered to be multivariate Cauchy-distributed if every linear combination of its components has a univariate Cauchy distribution. The multivariate Cauchy distribution is equivalent to a multivariate t distribution with 1 degree of freedom.

The Cauchy distribution is known as a pathological distribution because its mean and variance are undefined, and it does not satisfy the central limit theorem.

It is usually parameterized with mean and a covariance matrix, or in Bayesian inference, with mean and a precision matrix, where the precision matrix is the matrix inverse of the covariance matrix. These functions provide the precision parameterization for convenience and familiarity. It is easier to calculate a multivariate Cauchy density with the precision parameterization, because a matrix inversion can be avoided.

This distribution has a mean parameter vector \(\mu\) of length \(k\), and a \(k \times k\) precision matrix \(\Omega\), which must be positive-definite.

See Also

dcauchy, dmvc, dmvt, dmvtp, and dwishart.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
library(LaplacesDemon)
x <- seq(-2,4,length=21)
y <- 2*x+10
z <- x+cos(y) 
mu <- c(1,12,2)
Omega <- matrix(c(1,2,0,2,5,0.5,0,0.5,3), 3, 3)
f <- dmvcp(cbind(x,y,z), mu, Omega)

X <- rmvcp(1000, rep(0,2), diag(2))
X <- X[rowSums((X >= quantile(X, probs=0.025)) &
     (X <= quantile(X, probs=0.975)))==2,]
joint.density.plot(X[,1], X[,2], color=TRUE)
# }