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Density, distribution function, quantile function and random
generation for the normal distribution with mean equal to mean
and standard deviation equal to sd
.
dnorm(x, mean = 0, sd = 1, log = FALSE)
pnorm(q, mean = 0, sd = 1, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
qnorm(p, mean = 0, sd = 1, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
rnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1)
vector of quantiles.
vector of probabilities.
number of observations. If length(n) > 1
, the length
is taken to be the number required.
vector of means.
vector of standard deviations.
logical; if TRUE, probabilities p are given as log(p).
logical; if TRUE (default), probabilities are
dnorm
gives the density,
pnorm
gives the distribution function,
qnorm
gives the quantile function, and
rnorm
generates random deviates.
The length of the result is determined by n
for
rnorm
, and is the maximum of the lengths of the
numerical arguments for the other functions.
The numerical arguments other than n
are recycled to the
length of the result. Only the first elements of the logical
arguments are used.
For sd = 0
this gives the limit as sd
decreases to 0, a
point mass at mu
.
sd < 0
is an error and returns NaN
.
If mean
or sd
are not specified they assume the default
values of 0
and 1
, respectively.
The normal distribution has density
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Johnson, N. L., Kotz, S. and Balakrishnan, N. (1995) Continuous Univariate Distributions, volume 1, chapter 13. Wiley, New York.
Distributions for other standard distributions, including
dlnorm
for the Lognormal distribution.
# NOT RUN {
require(graphics)
dnorm(0) == 1/sqrt(2*pi)
dnorm(1) == exp(-1/2)/sqrt(2*pi)
dnorm(1) == 1/sqrt(2*pi*exp(1))
## Using "log = TRUE" for an extended range :
par(mfrow = c(2,1))
plot(function(x) dnorm(x, log = TRUE), -60, 50,
main = "log { Normal density }")
curve(log(dnorm(x)), add = TRUE, col = "red", lwd = 2)
mtext("dnorm(x, log=TRUE)", adj = 0)
mtext("log(dnorm(x))", col = "red", adj = 1)
plot(function(x) pnorm(x, log.p = TRUE), -50, 10,
main = "log { Normal Cumulative }")
curve(log(pnorm(x)), add = TRUE, col = "red", lwd = 2)
mtext("pnorm(x, log=TRUE)", adj = 0)
mtext("log(pnorm(x))", col = "red", adj = 1)
## if you want the so-called 'error function'
erf <- function(x) 2 * pnorm(x * sqrt(2)) - 1
## (see Abramowitz and Stegun 29.2.29)
## and the so-called 'complementary error function'
erfc <- function(x) 2 * pnorm(x * sqrt(2), lower = FALSE)
## and the inverses
erfinv <- function (x) qnorm((1 + x)/2)/sqrt(2)
erfcinv <- function (x) qnorm(x/2, lower = FALSE)/sqrt(2)
# }
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