base (version 3.6.2)

duplicated: Determine Duplicate Elements

Description

duplicated() determines which elements of a vector or data frame are duplicates of elements with smaller subscripts, and returns a logical vector indicating which elements (rows) are duplicates.

anyDuplicated(.) is a “generalized” more efficient shortcut for any(duplicated(.)).

Usage

duplicated(x, incomparables = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for default
duplicated(x, incomparables = FALSE,
           fromLast = FALSE, nmax = NA, …)
# S3 method for array
duplicated(x, incomparables = FALSE, MARGIN = 1,
           fromLast = FALSE, …)
anyDuplicated(x, incomparables = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for default
anyDuplicated(x, incomparables = FALSE,
           fromLast = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for array
anyDuplicated(x, incomparables = FALSE,
           MARGIN = 1, fromLast = FALSE, …)

Arguments

x

a vector or a data frame or an array or NULL.

incomparables

a vector of values that cannot be compared. FALSE is a special value, meaning that all values can be compared, and may be the only value accepted for methods other than the default. It will be coerced internally to the same type as x.

fromLast

logical indicating if duplication should be considered from the reverse side, i.e., the last (or rightmost) of identical elements would correspond to duplicated = FALSE.

nmax

the maximum number of unique items expected (greater than one).

…

arguments for particular methods.

MARGIN

the array margin to be held fixed: see apply, and note that MARGIN = 0 may be useful.

Value

duplicated(): For a vector input, a logical vector of the same length as x. For a data frame, a logical vector with one element for each row. For a matrix or array, and when MARGIN = 0, a logical array with the same dimensions and dimnames.

anyDuplicated(): an integer or real vector of length one with value the 1-based index of the first duplicate if any, otherwise 0.

Warning

Using this for lists is potentially slow, especially if the elements are not atomic vectors (see vector) or differ only in their attributes. In the worst case it is \(O(n^2)\).

Details

These are generic functions with methods for vectors (including lists), data frames and arrays (including matrices).

For the default methods, and whenever there are equivalent method definitions for duplicated and anyDuplicated, anyDuplicated(x, ...) is a “generalized” shortcut for any(duplicated(x, ...)), in the sense that it returns the index i of the first duplicated entry x[i] if there is one, and 0 otherwise. Their behaviours may be different when at least one of duplicated and anyDuplicated has a relevant method.

duplicated(x, fromLast = TRUE) is equivalent to but faster than rev(duplicated(rev(x))).

The array method calculates for each element of the sub-array specified by MARGIN if the remaining dimensions are identical to those for an earlier (or later, when fromLast = TRUE) element (in row-major order). This would most commonly be used to find duplicated rows (the default) or columns (with MARGIN = 2). Note that MARGIN = 0 returns an array of the same dimensionality attributes as x.

Missing values ("NA") are regarded as equal, numeric and complex ones differing from NaN; character strings will be compared in a “common encoding”; for details, see match (and unique) which use the same concept.

Values in incomparables will never be marked as duplicated. This is intended to be used for a fairly small set of values and will not be efficient for a very large set.

Except for factors, logical and raw vectors the default nmax = NA is equivalent to nmax = length(x). Since a hash table of size 8*nmax bytes is allocated, setting nmax suitably can save large amounts of memory. For factors it is automatically set to the smaller of length(x) and the number of levels plus one (for NA). If nmax is set too small there is liable to be an error: nmax = 1 is silently ignored.

Long vectors are supported for the default method of duplicated, but may only be usable if nmax is supplied.

References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

See Also

unique.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
x <- c(9:20, 1:5, 3:7, 0:8)
## extract unique elements
(xu <- x[!duplicated(x)])
## similar, same elements but different order:
(xu2 <- x[!duplicated(x, fromLast = TRUE)])

## xu == unique(x) but unique(x) is more efficient
stopifnot(identical(xu,  unique(x)),
          identical(xu2, unique(x, fromLast = TRUE)))

duplicated(iris)[140:143]

duplicated(iris3, MARGIN = c(1, 3))
anyDuplicated(iris) ## 143
# }
# NOT RUN {
anyDuplicated(x)
anyDuplicated(x, fromLast = TRUE)
# }