stats (version 3.1.1)

Wilcoxon: Distribution of the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Statistic

Description

Density, distribution function, quantile function and random generation for the distribution of the Wilcoxon rank sum statistic obtained from samples with size m and n, respectively.

Usage

dwilcox(x, m, n, log = FALSE)
pwilcox(q, m, n, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
qwilcox(p, m, n, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
rwilcox(nn, m, n)

Arguments

x, q

vector of quantiles.

p

vector of probabilities.

nn

number of observations. If length(nn) > 1, the length is taken to be the number required.

m, n

numbers of observations in the first and second sample, respectively. Can be vectors of positive integers.

log, log.p

logical; if TRUE, probabilities p are given as log(p).

lower.tail

logical; if TRUE (default), probabilities are $P[X \le x]$, otherwise, $P[X > x]$.

Value

dwilcox gives the density, pwilcox gives the distribution function, qwilcox gives the quantile function, and rwilcox generates random deviates.The length of the result is determined by nn for rwilcox, and is the maximum of the lengths of the numerical arguments for the other functions.The numerical arguments other than nn are recycled to the length of the result. Only the first elements of the logical arguments are used.

Warning

These functions can use large amounts of memory and stack (and even crash R if the stack limit is exceeded and stack-checking is not in place) if one sample is large (several thousands or more).

Source

These are calculated via recursion, based on cwilcox(k, m, n), the number of choices with statistic k from samples of size m and n, which is itself calculated recursively and the results cached. Then dwilcox and pwilcox sum appropriate values of cwilcox, and qwilcox is based on inversion. rwilcox generates a random permutation of ranks and evaluates the statistic.

Details

This distribution is obtained as follows. Let x and y be two random, independent samples of size m and n. Then the Wilcoxon rank sum statistic is the number of all pairs (x[i], y[j]) for which y[j] is not greater than x[i]. This statistic takes values between 0 and m * n, and its mean and variance are m * n / 2 and m * n * (m + n + 1) / 12, respectively.

If any of the first three arguments are vectors, the recycling rule is used to do the calculations for all combinations of the three up to the length of the longest vector.

See Also

wilcox.test to calculate the statistic from data, find p values and so on.

Distributions for standard distributions, including dsignrank for the distribution of the one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank statistic.

Examples

require(graphics)

x <- -1:(4*6 + 1)
fx <- dwilcox(x, 4, 6)
Fx <- pwilcox(x, 4, 6)

layout(rbind(1,2), widths = 1, heights = c(3,2))
plot(x, fx, type = "h", col = "violet",
     main =  "Probabilities (density) of Wilcoxon-Statist.(n=6, m=4)")
plot(x, Fx, type = "s", col = "blue",
     main =  "Distribution of Wilcoxon-Statist.(n=6, m=4)")
abline(h = 0:1, col = "gray20", lty = 2)
layout(1) # set back

N <- 200
hist(U <- rwilcox(N, m = 4,n = 6), breaks = 0:25 - 1/2,
     border = "red", col = "pink", sub = paste("N =",N))
mtext("N * f(x),  f() = true \"density\"", side = 3, col = "blue")
 lines(x, N*fx, type = "h", col = "blue", lwd = 2)
points(x, N*fx, cex = 2)

## Better is a Quantile-Quantile Plot
qqplot(U, qw <- qwilcox((1:N - 1/2)/N, m = 4, n = 6),
       main = paste("Q-Q-Plot of empirical and theoretical quantiles",
                     "Wilcoxon Statistic,  (m=4, n=6)", sep = "\n"))
n <- as.numeric(names(print(tU <- table(U))))
text(n+.2, n+.5, labels = tU, col = "red")