The function ergm is used to fit exponential
random graph models, in which
the probability of a given network, \(y\), on a set of nodes is
\(h(y) \exp\{\eta(\theta) \cdot
g(y)\}/c(\theta)\), where
\(h(y)\) is the reference measure (for valued network models),
\(g(y)\) is a vector of network statistics for \(y\),
\(\eta(\theta)\) is a natural parameter vector of the same
length (with \(\eta(\theta)=\theta\) for most terms), and \(c(\theta)\) is the
normalizing constant for the distribution.
The network statistics \(g(y)\) are entered as terms in the
function call to ergm.
This page describes the possible terms (and hence network statistics)
included in ergm package. Other packages
may add their own terms, and package
ergm.userterms provides tools
for implementing them.
The current recommendation for any package implementing additional
terms is to create a help file with a name or alias ergm-terms,
so that help("ergm-terms") will list ERGM terms available from
all loaded packages.
Terms to ergm are specified by a formula to represent the network and
network statistics. This is done via a formula, that is,
an R formula object, of the form
y ~ <term 1> + <term 2> ...,
where y is a network object or a matrix that can be coerced to a
network
object, and <term 1>, <term 2>, etc, are each terms chosen
from the list given below.
To create a network object in R, use the network function,
then add nodal attributes to it using the %v% operator if necessary.
ergm functions such as ergm
and simulate (for ERGMs) may operate
in two modes: binary and weighted/valued, with the latter activated by
passing a non-NULL value as the response argument, giving the
edge attribute name to be modeled/simulated.
Binary ERGM statistics cannot be used in valued mode and vice versa. However,
a substantial number of binary ERGM statistics --- particularly the
ones with dyadic indepenence --- have simple generalizations to valued
ERGMs, and have been adapted in
ergm. They have the same form as their
binary ERGM counterparts, with an additional argument: form, which, at
this time, has two possible values: "sum" (the default) and
"nonzero". The former creates a statistic of the form
\(\sum_{i,j} x_{i,j} y_{i,j}\), where \(y_{i,j}\) is the value of
dyad \((i,j)\) and \(x_{i,j}\) is the term's covariate associated
with it. The latter computes the binary version, with the edge
considered to be present if its value is not 0.
Valued version of some binary ERGM terms have an argument
threshold, which sets the value above which a dyad is conidered
to have a tie. (Value less than or equal to threshold is
considered a nontie.)
Some terms taking nodal or dyadic covariates take optional
transform and transformname arguments. transform
should be a function with one argument, taking a data structure of the
same mode as the covariate and returning a similarly structured data
structure, transforming the covariate as needed.
For example, nodecov("a", transform=function(x) x^2)
will add a nodal covariate having the square of the value of the nodal attribute
"a".
transformname, if given, will be added to the term's name to
help identify it.
Terms taking a categorical nodal covariate also take levels
argument. This can be used to control the set and the ordering of
attribute levels.
A cross-referenced html version of the term documentation is is available via vignette('ergm-term-crossRef') and terms can also be searched via search.ergmTerms.
absdiff(attrname, pow=1) (binary) (dyad-independent) (frequently-used) (directed) (undirected) (quantitative nodal attribute),
absdiff(attrname, pow=1, form ="sum") (valued) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (quantitative nodal attribute)Absolute difference:
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name
of a quantitative attribute in the network's vertex attribute
list. This term adds one network statistic to the model equaling the
sum of abs(attrname[i]-attrname[j])^pow for all edges (i,j)
in the network.
absdiffcat(attrname, base=NULL) (binary) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute),
absdiffcat(attrname, base=NULL, form="sum") (valued) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)Categorical absolute
difference:
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
quantitative attribute in the network's vertex attribute list. This term
adds one statistic for every possible nonzero distinct value of
abs(attrname[i]-attrname[j]) in the network; the value of each such
statistic is the number of edges in the network with the corresponding
absolute difference. The optional base argument is a vector
indicating which nonzero differences, in order from smallest to largest,
should be omitted from the model (i.e., treated like the zero-difference
category). The base argument, if used, should contain indices, not
differences themselves. For instance, if the possible values of
abs(attrname[i]-attrname[j]) are 0, 0.5, 3, 3.5, and 10, then to omit
0.5 and 10 one should set base=c(1, 4). Note that this term should
generally be used only when the quantitative attribute has a limited number
of possible values; an example is the "Grade" attribute of the
faux.mesa.high or faux.magnolia.high datasets.
altkstar(lambda, fixed=FALSE) (binary) (undirected) (curved) (categorical nodal attribute)
Alternating k-star:
This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to a weighted
alternating sequence of k-star statistics with weight parameter
lambda. This is the version given in Snijders et al. (2006). The
gwdegree and altkstar produce mathematically equivalent
models, as long as they are used together with the edges (or
kstar(1)) term, yet the interpretation of the gwdegree
parameters is slightly more straightforward than the interpretation of the
altkstar parameters. For this reason, we recommend the use of the
gwdegree instead of altkstar. See Section 3 and especially
equation (13) of Hunter (2007) for details. The optional argument
fixed indicates whether the decay parameter is fixed at the given value, or is to be
fit as a curved exponential family model (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006).
The default is FALSE, which means the scale parameter is not fixed
and thus the model is a CEF model. This term can only be used with
undirected networks.
asymmetric(attrname=NULL, diff=FALSE, keep=NULL) (binary) (directed) (dyad-independent) (triad-related)Asymmetric
dyads: This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the
number of pairs of actors for which exactly one of
\((i{\rightarrow}j)\) or \((j{\rightarrow}i)\) exists.
This term can only be used with directed networks. If the optional
attrname argument is used, only asymmetric pairs that match on the
named vertex attribute are counted. The optional modifiers diff and
keep are used in the same way as for the nodematch term; refer
to this term for details and an example.
atleast(threshold=0) (valued) (directed) (undirected) (dyad-independent)Number of dyads with values
greater than or equal to a threshold Adds one statistic
equaling to the number of dyads whose values equal or exceed
threshold.
atmost(threshold=0) (valued) (directed) (undirected) (dyad-independent)Number of dyads with values
less than or equal to a threshold Adds one statistic
equaling to the number of dyads whose values equal or are exceeded by
threshold.
b1concurrent(by=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Concurrent node count for the
first mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network: This term adds one
network statistic to the model, equal to the number of nodes in the first
mode of the network with degree 2 or higher. The first mode of a bipartite
network object is sometimes known as the "actor" mode. The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list;
it functions just like the by argument of the b1degree term.
Without the optional argument, this statistic is equivalent to b1mindegree(2).
This term can only be
used with undirected bipartite networks.
b1cov(attrname, transform, transformname) (binary) (undirected) (bipartite) (dyad-independent) (quantitative nodalattribute) (frequently-used),
b1cov(attrname, transform, transformname, form="sum") (valued) (undirected) (bipartite) (dyad-independent) (quantitative nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Main effect of a covariate for
the first mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network:
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
numeric (not categorical) attribute in the network's vertex attribute list.
This term adds a single network statistic to the model equaling the total
value of attrname(i) for all edges \((i,j)\) in the network. This
term may only be used with bipartite networks. For categorical attributes,
see b1factor.
b1degrange(from, to=+Inf, by=NULL, homophily=FALSE, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected)
Degree range for the first mode in a bipartite
(a.k.a. two-mode) network:
The from and to arguments are vectors of distinct
integers (or +Inf, for to (its default)). If one of the vectors has
length 1, it is recycled to the length of the other. Otherwise, they
must have the same length. This term adds one
network statistic to the model for each element of from (or to); the \(i\)th
such statistic equals the number of nodes of the first mode
("actors") in the network of degree
greater than or equal to
from[i] but strictly less than to[i], i.e. with
edge count
in semiopen interval [from,to). The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list.
If this is specified and homophily is TRUE,
then degrees are calculated using the subnetwork consisting of only
edges whose endpoints have the same value of the by attribute.
If by is specified and
homophily is FALSE (the default), then separate degree range
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
This term can only be used with bipartite networks; for directed networks
see idegrange and odegrange. For undirected networks,
see degrange, and see b2degrange
for degrees of the second mode ("events").
b1degree(d, by=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Degree for the first mode in a
bipartite (aka two-mode) network: The d argument is a vector of
distinct integers. This term adds one network statistic to the model for
each element in d; the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of
nodes of degree d[i] in the first mode of a bipartite network, i.e.
with exactly d[i] edges. The first mode of a bipartite network object
is sometimes known as the "actor" mode. The optional argument by is
a character string giving the name of an attribute in the network's vertex
attribute list. If this is specified
then each node's degree is tabulated only with other nodes having the same
value of the by attribute.
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite networks.
b1factor(attrname, base=1, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (dyad-independent) (frequently-used) (categorical nodal attribute),
b1factor(attrname, base=1, levels=NULL, form="sum") (valued) (bipartite) (undirected) (dyad-independent) (frequently-used) (categorical nodal attribute)
Factor attribute effect for
the first mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network:
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
categorical attribute in the network's vertex attribute list. This term adds
multiple network statistics to the model, one for each of (a subset of) the
unique values of the attrname attribute. Each of these statistics
gives the number of times a node with that attribute in the first mode of
the network appears in an edge. The first mode of a bipartite network object
is sometimes known as the "actor" mode. To include all attribute values is
usually not a good idea, because the sum of all such statistics equals the
number of edges and hence a linear dependency would arise in any model also
including edges. Thus, the base argument tells which value(s)
(numbered in order according to the sort function) should be omitted.
The default value, base=1, means that the smallest (i.e., first in
sorted order) attribute value is omitted. For example, if the “fruit”
factor has levels “orange”, “apple”, “banana”, and
“pear”, then to add just two terms, one for “apple” and one
for “pear”, then set “banana” and “orange” to the base
(remember to sort the values first) by using nodefactor("fruit",
base=2:3). This term can only be used with undirected bipartite networks.
b1mindegree(d) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected)Minimum degree for the first mode in a
bipartite (aka two-mode) network: The d argument is a vector of
distinct integers. This term adds one network statistic to the model for
each element in d; the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of
nodes in the first mode of a bipartite network with at least degree d[i].
The first mode of a bipartite network object is sometimes known as the "actor" mode.
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite networks.
b1nodematch(attrname, diff=FALSE, keep=NULL, by=NULL, alpha=1, beta=1,
byb2attr=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (dyad-independent) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Nodal attribute-based homophily effect for
the first mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network: This term is introduced
in Bomiriya et al (2014).
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
categorical attribute in the network's vertex attribute list. Out of the two arguments
(discount parameters) alpha and beta, both which takes values from [0,1],
only one should be set at a time. If none is set to a value other than 1, this term will
simply be a homophily based two-star statistic. This term adds one statistic to the model
unless diff is set to TRUE, in which case the term adds multiple network
statistics to the model, one for each of (a subset of) the unique values of the attrname
attribute. To include only the attribute values you wish, use the keep argument.
If an alpha discount parameter is used, each of these statistics gives the sum of
the number of common second-mode nodes raised to the power alpha for each pair of
first-mode nodes with that attribute. If a beta discount parameter is used, each
of these statistics gives half the sum of the number of two-paths with two first-mode nodes
with that attribute as the two ends of the two path raised to the power beta for each
edge in the network. The byb2attr argument is a character string giving the name of a
second mode categorical attribute in the network's attribute list. Setting this argument
will separate the orginal statistics based on the values of the set second mode attribute---
i.e. for example, if diff is FALSE, then the sum of all the statistics for
each level of this second-mode attribute will be equal to the original b1nodematch
statistic where byb2attr set to NULL. This term can only be used with
undirected bipartite networks.
b1star(k, attrname=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
k-Stars for the first mode in a
bipartite (aka two-mode) network: The k argument is a vector of
distinct integers. This term adds one network statistic to the model for
each element in k. The \(i\)th such statistic counts the number of
distinct k[i]-stars whose center node is in the first mode of the
network. The first mode of a bipartite network object is sometimes known as
the "actor" mode. A \(k\)-star is defined to be a center node \(N\) and
a set of \(k\) different nodes \(\{O_1, \dots, O_k\}\) such that the
ties \(\{N, O_i\}\) exist for \(i=1, \dots, k\). The optional argument
attrname is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list. If this is specified then the count is over
the number of \(k\)-stars (with center node in the first mode) where all
nodes have the same value of the attribute. This term can only be used for
undirected bipartite networks. Note that b1star(1) is equal to
b2star(1) and to edges.
b1starmix(k, attrname, base=NULL, diff=TRUE, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Mixing
matrix for k-stars centered on the first mode of a bipartite network: Only
a single value of \(k\) is allowed. This term counts all k-stars in which
the b2 nodes (called events in some contexts) are homophilous in the sense
that they all share the same value of attrname. However, the b1 node
(in some contexts, the actor) at the center of the k-star does NOT have to
have the same value as the b2 nodes; indeed, the values taken by the b1
nodes may be completely distinct from those of the b2 nodes, which allows
for the use of this term in cases where there are two separate nodal
attributes, one for the b1 nodes and another for the b2 nodes (in this case,
however, these two attributes should be combined to form a single nodal
attribute called attrname. A different statistic is created for each
value of attrname seen in a b1 node, even if no k-stars are observed
with this value. Whether a different statistic is created for each value
seen in a b2 node depends on the value of the diff argument: When
diff=TRUE, the default, a different statistic is created for each
value and thus the behavior of this term is reminiscent of the
nodemix term, from which it takes its name; when diff=FALSE,
all homophilous k-stars are counted together, though these k-stars are still
categorized according to the value of the central b1 node. The base
term may be used to control which of the possible terms are left out of the
model: By default, all terms are included, but if base is set to a
vector of indices then the corresponding terms (in the order they would be
created when base=NULL) are left out.
b1twostar(b1attrname, b2attrname, base=NULL, b1levels=NULL, b2levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Two-star
census for central nodes centered on the first mode of a bipartite network:
This term takes two nodal attribute names, one for b1 nodes (actors in some
contexts) and one for b2 nodes (events in some contexts). Only
b1attrname is required; if b2attrname is not passed, it is
assumed to be the same as b1attrname. Assuming that there are
\(n_1\) values of b1attrname among the b1 nodes and \(n_2\)
values of b2attrname among the b2 nodes, then the total number of
distinct categories of two stars according to these two attributes is
\(n_1(n_2)(n_2+1)/2\). This model term creates a distinct statistic
counting each of these categories. The base term may be used to leave
some of these categories out; when passed as a vector of integer indices (in
the order the statistics would be created when base=NULL), the
corresponding terms will be left out.
b2concurrent(by=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (frequently-used)
Concurrent node count for the
second mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network: This term adds one
network statistic to the model, equal to the number of nodes in the second
mode of the network with degree 2 or higher. The second mode of a bipartite
network object is sometimes known as the "event" mode. The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list;
it functions just like the by argument of the b2degree term.
Without the optional argument, this statistic is equivalent to b2mindegree(2).
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite networks.
b2cov(attrname, transform, transformname) (binary) (undirected) (bipartite) (dyad-independent) (quantitative nodal attribute) (frequently-used),
b2cov(attrname, transform, transformname, form="sum") (valued) (undirected) (bipartite) (dyad-independent) (quantitative nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Main effect of a covariate for
the second mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network:
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
numeric (not categorical) attribute in the network's vertex attribute list.
This term adds a single network statistic to the model equaling the total
value of attrname(j) for all edges \((i,j)\) in the network. This
term may only be used with bipartite networks. For categorical attributes,
see b2factor.
b2degrange(from, to=+Inf, by=NULL, homophily=FALSE, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected)
Degree range for the second mode in a bipartite
(a.k.a. two-mode) network:
The from and to arguments are vectors of distinct
integers (or +Inf, for to (its default)). If one of the vectors has
length 1, it is recycled to the length of the other. Otherwise, they
must have the same length. This term adds one
network statistic to the model for each element of from (or to); the \(i\)th
such statistic equals the number of nodes of the second mode
("events") in the network of degree
greater than or equal to
from[i] but strictly less than to[i], i.e. with
edge count
in semiopen interval [from,to). The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list.
If this is specified and homophily is TRUE,
then degrees are calculated using the subnetwork consisting of only
edges whose endpoints have the same value of the by attribute.
If by is specified and
homophily is FALSE (the default), then separate degree range
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
This term can only be used with bipartite networks; for directed networks
see idegrange and odegrange. For undirected networks,
see degrange, and see b1degrange
for degrees of the first mode ("actors").
b2degree(d, by=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Degree for the second mode in a
bipartite (aka two-mode) network: The d argument is a vector of
distinct integers. This term adds one network statistic to the model for
each element in d; the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of
nodes of degree d[i] in the second mode of a bipartite network, i.e.
with exactly d[i] edges. The second mode of a bipartite network
object is sometimes known as the "event" mode. The optional term
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list. If this is specified
then each node's degree is tabulated only with other nodes having the same
value of the by attribute.
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite networks.
b2factor(attrname, base=1, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (dyad-independent) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used),
b2factor(attrname, base=1, levels=NULL, form="sum") (valued) (bipartite) (undirected) (dyad-independent) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Factor attribute effect for
the second mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network :
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
categorical attribute in the network's vertex attribute list. This term adds
multiple network statistics to the model, one for each of (a subset of) the
unique values of the attrname attribute. Each of these statistics
gives the number of times a node with that attribute in the second mode of
the network appears in an edge. The second mode of a bipartite network
object is sometimes known as the "event" mode. To include all attribute
values is usually not a good idea, because the sum of all such statistics
equals the number of edges and hence a linear dependency would arise in any
model also including edges. Thus, the base argument tells
which value(s) (numbered in order according to the sort function)
should be omitted. The default value, base=1, means that the smallest
(i.e., first in sorted order) attribute value is omitted. For example, if
the “fruit” factor has levels “orange”, “apple”,
“banana”, and “pear”, then to add just two terms, one for
“apple” and one for “pear”, then set “banana” and
“orange” to the base (remember to sort the values first) by using
nodefactor("fruit", base=2:3). This term can only be used with
undirected bipartite networks.
b2mindegree(d) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected)
Minimum degree for the second mode in a
bipartite (aka two-mode) network: The d argument is a vector of
distinct integers. This term adds one network statistic to the model for
each element in d; the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of
nodes in the second mode of a bipartite network with at least degree d[i].
The second mode of a bipartite network object is sometimes known as the "event" mode.
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite networks.
b2nodematch(attrname, diff=FALSE, keep=NULL, by=NULL, alpha=1, beta=1,
byb1attr=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (dyad-independent) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used)
Nodal attribute-based homophily effect for
the second mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network: This term is introduced
in Bomiriya et al (2014).
The attrname argument is a character string giving the name of a
categorical attribute in the network's vertex attribute list. Out of the two arguments
(discount parameters) alpha and beta, both which takes values from [0,1],
only one should be set at a time. If none is set to a value other than 1, this term will
simply be a homophily based two-star statistic. This term adds one statistic to the model
unless diff is set to TRUE, in which case the term adds multiple network
statistics to the model, one for each of (a subset of) the unique values of the attrname
attribute. To include only the attribute values you wish, use the keep argument.
If an alpha discount parameter is used, each of these statistics gives the sum of
the number of common first-mode nodes raised to the power alpha for each pair of
second-mode nodes with that attribute. If a beta discount parameter is used, each
of these statistics gives half the sum of the number of two-paths with two second-mode nodes
with that attribute as the two ends of the two path raised to the power beta for each
edge in the network. The byb1attr argument is a character string giving the name of a
first mode categorical attribute in the network's attribute list. Setting this argument
will separate the orginal statistics based on the values of the set first mode attribute---
i.e. for example, if diff is FALSE, then the sum of all the statistics for
each level of this first-mode attribute will be equal to the original b2nodematch
statistic where byb1attr set to NULL. This term can only be used with
undirected bipartite networks.
b2star(k, attrname=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
k-Stars for the second mode in a
bipartite (aka two-mode) network: The k argument is a vector of
distinct integers. This term adds one network statistic to the model for
each element in k. The \(i\)th such statistic counts the number of
distinct k[i]-stars whose center node is in the second mode of the
network. The second mode of a bipartite network object is sometimes known as
the "event" mode. A \(k\)-star is defined to be a center node \(N\) and
a set of \(k\) different nodes \(\{O_1, \dots, O_k\}\) such that the
ties \(\{N, O_i\}\) exist for \(i=1, \dots, k\). The optional argument
attrname is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list. If this is specified then the count is over
the number of \(k\)-stars (with center node in the second mode) where all
nodes have the same value of the attribute. This term can only be used for
undirected bipartite networks. Note that b2star(1) is equal to
b1star(1) and to edges.
b2starmix(k, attrname, base=NULL, diff=TRUE, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Mixing
matrix for k-stars centered on the second mode of a bipartite network:
This term is exactly the same as b1starmix except that the roles of
b1 and b2 are reversed.
b2twostar(b1attrname, b2attrname, base=NULL, b1levels=NULL, b2levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Two-star
census for central nodes centered on the second mode of a bipartite
network: This term is exactly the same as b1twostar except that the
roles of b1 and b2 are reversed.
balance (binary) (triad-related) (directed) (undirected)Balanced triads:
This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the number of
triads in the network that are balanced. The balanced triads are those of
type 102 or 300 in the categorization of Davis and Leinhardt (1972). For details on the 16 possible triad types, see
?triad.classify in the {sna} package. For an undirected
network, the balanced triads are those with an even number of ties (i.e., 0
and 2).
coincidence(d=NULL,active=0) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected)
Coincident node count for the
second mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode) network: By default this term adds one
network statistic to the model for each pair of nodes of mode two. It is
equal to the number of (first mode) mutual partners of that pair.
The first mode of a bipartite
network object is sometimes known as the "actor" mode and the seconds as the "event" mode. So this is the number of actors going to both events in the pair. The optional argument
d is a two-column matrix of (row-wise) pairs indices where the first row is less than the second row. The second optional argument, active, selects pairs for which the observed count is at least active.
This term can only be
used with undirected bipartite networks.
concurrent(by=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Concurrent node count:
This term adds one network statistic to the model, equal to the number of
nodes in the network with degree 2 or higher. The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list;
it functions just like the by argument of the degree term.
This term can only be used with undirected
networks.
concurrentties(by=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Concurrent tie count:
This term adds one network statistic to the model, equal to the number of
ties incident on each actor beyond the first. The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list;
it functions just like the by argument of the degree term.
This term can only be used with undirected
networks.
ctriple(attrname=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (directed) (triad-related) (categorical nodal attribute)
,
a.k.a. ctriad (binary) (directed) (triad-related) (categorical nodal attribute)
Cyclic triples: This term adds one
statistic to the model, equal to the number of cyclic triples in the
network, defined as a set of edges of the form \(\{(i{\rightarrow}j), (j{\rightarrow}k), (k{\rightarrow}i)\}\). Note that
for all directed networks, triangle is equal to
ttriple+ctriple, so at most two of these three terms can be in a
model. The optional argument attrname is a character string giving
the name of an attribute in the network's vertex attribute list. If this is
specified then the count is over the number of cyclic triples where all
three nodes have the same value of the attribute. This term can only be used
with directed networks.
cycle(k) (binary) (directed) (undirected)Cycles:
The k argument is a vector of distinct integers. This term adds one
network statistic to the model for each element in k; the \(i\)th
such statistic equals the number of cycles in the network with length
exactly k[i]. The cycle statistic applies to both directed and
undirected networks. For directed networks, it counts directed cycles of
length \(k\), as opposed to undirected cycles in the undirected case. The
directed cycle terms of lengths 2 and 3 are equivalent to mutual and
ctriple (respectively). The undirected cycle term of length 3 is
equivalent to triangle, and there is no undirected cycle term of
length 2.
cyclicalties(attrname=NULL, levels=NULL) (binary) (directed), cyclicalties(threshold=0) (valued) (directed) (undirected)Cyclical ties:
This term adds one statistic, equal to the number of ties
\(i\rightarrow j\) such that there exists a two-path from
\(i\) to \(j\). (Related to the ttriple term.)
The binary version takes a nodal attribute attrname, and, if
given, all three nodes
involved (\(i\), \(j\), and the node on the two-path) must match
on this attribute in order for \(i\rightarrow j\) to be counted.
The binary version of this term can only be used with directed
networks. The valued version can be used with both directed and undirected.
cyclicalweights(twopath="min",combine="max",affect="min") (valued) (directed) (undirected)Cyclical
weights: This statistic implements the cyclical weights
statistic, like that defined by Krivitsky (2012), Equation 13,
but with the focus dyad being \(y_{j,i}\) rather than
\(y_{i,j}\). The
currently implemented options for twopath is the minimum
of the constituent dyads ("min") or their geometric mean
("geomean"); for combine, the maximum of the
2-path strengths ("max") or their sum ("sum"); and
for affect, the minimum of the focus dyad and the
combined strength of the two paths ("min") or their
geometric mean ("geomean"). For each of these options,
the first (and the default) is more stable but also more
conservative, while the second is more sensitive but more likely
to induce a multimodal distribution of networks.
ddsp(d, type="OTP") (binary) (directed)Directed dyadwise shared partners: This term adds one network statistic to the model for each element in d where the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of dyads in the network with exactly d[i] shared partners. This term can only be used with directed networks. Multiple shared partner definitions are possible; the type argument may be used to select the type of shared partner to be counted (see below for type codes). By default, outgoing two-paths are employed.
While there is only one shared partner configuration in the undirected case, nine distinct configurations are possible for directed graphs. Currently, edgewise shared partner terms may be defined with respect to five of these configurations; they are defined here as follows (using terminology from Butts (2008) and the relevent package):
vertex \(k\) is an OTP shared partner of ordered pair \((i,j)\) iff \(i \to k \to j\). Also known as "transitive shared partner".
vertex \(k\) is an ITP shared partner of ordered pair \((i,j)\) iff \(j \to k \to i\). Also known as "cyclical shared partner"
vertex \(k\) is an OSP shared partner of ordered pair \((i,j)\) iff \(i \to k, j \to k\).
vertex \(k\) is an ISP shared partner of ordered pair \((i,j)\) iff \(k \to i, k \to j\).
Note that Robins et al. (2009) define closely related statistics to several of the above, using slightly different terminology.
degrange(from, to=+Inf, by=NULL, homophily=FALSE, levels=NULL) (binary) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Degree range:
The from and to arguments are vectors of distinct
integers (or +Inf, for to (its default)). If one of the vectors has
length 1, it is recycled to the length of the other. Otherwise, they
must have the same length. This term adds one
network statistic to the model for each element of from (or to); the \(i\)th
such statistic equals the number of nodes in the network of degree
greater than or equal to
from[i] but strictly less than to[i], i.e. with edges
in semiopen interval [from,to). The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list.
If this is specified and homophily is TRUE,
then degrees are calculated using the subnetwork consisting of only
edges whose endpoints have the same value of the by attribute.
If by is specified and
homophily is FALSE (the default), then separate degree range
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
This term can only be used with undirected networks; for directed networks
see idegrange and odegrange. This term can be used
with bipartite networks, and will count nodes of both first and second mode in
the specified degree range. To count only nodes of the first mode ("actors"), use b1degrange
and to count only those fo the second mode ("events"), use b2degrange.
degree(d, by=NULL, homophily=FALSE, levels=NULL) (binary) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute) (frequently-used)Degree:
The d argument is a vector of distinct integers. This term adds one
network statistic to the model for each element in d; the \(i\)th
such statistic equals the number of nodes in the network of degree
d[i], i.e. with exactly d[i] edges. The optional argument
by is a character string giving the name of an attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list.
If this is specified and homophily is TRUE,
then degrees are calculated using the subnetwork consisting of only
edges whose endpoints have the same value of the by attribute.
If by is specified and
homophily is FALSE (the default), then separate degree
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
This term can only be used with undirected networks; for directed networks
see idegree and odegree.
degree1.5 (binary) (undirected)
Degree to the 3/2 power: This term adds one network statistic to the model equaling the sum over the actors of each actor's degree taken to the 3/2 power (or, equivalently, multiplied by its square root). This term is an undirected analog to the terms of Snijders et al. (2010), equations (11) and (12). This term can only be used with undirected networks.
degreepopularity (binary) (undirected) (deprecated)
Degree popularity (deprecated): see degree1.5.
degcrossprod (binary) (undirected)Degree Cross-Product: This term adds one network statistic equal to the mean of the cross-products of the degrees of all pairs of nodes in the network which are tied. Only coded for undirected networks.
degcor (binary) (undirected)Degree Correlation: This term adds one network statistic equal to the correlation of the degrees of all pairs of nodes in the network which are tied. Only coded for undirected networks.
density (binary) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected)Density:
This term adds one network statistic equal to the density of the network.
For undirected networks, density equals kstar(1) or
edges divided by \(n(n-1)/2\); for directed networks,
density equals edges or istar(1) or ostar(1)
divided by \(n(n-1)\).
diff(attrname, pow=1, dir="t-h", sign.action="identity") (binary) (dyad-independent) (frequently-used) (directed) (undirected) (quantitative nodal attribute), diff(attrname, pow=1, dir="t-h", sign.action="identity", form ="sum") (valued) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (quantitative nodal attribute)Difference:
The attrname argument is a
character string giving the name of a quantitative attribute in the
network's vertex attribute list. For values of pow other than
0, this term adds one network statistic to the model,
equaling the sum, over directed edges \((i,j)\), of
sign.action(attrname[i]-attrname[j])^pow if dir is
"t-h" (the default), "tail-head", or "b1-b2"
and of sign.action(attrname[j]-attrname[i])^pow if
"h-t", "head-tail", or "b2-b1". That is, the
argument dir determines which vertex's attribute is
subtracted from which, with tail being the origin of a directed edge
and head being its destination, and bipartite networks' edges being
treated as going from the first part (b1) to the second (b2).
If pow==0, the exponentiation is replaced by the signum
function: +1 if the difference is positive, 0 if there
is no difference, and -1 if the difference is negative. Note
that this function is applied after the
sign.action. The comparison is exact, so when using
calculated values of attrname, ensure that values that you
want to be considered equal are, in fact, equal.
The following sign.actions are possible:
"identity" (the default)no transformation of the difference regardless of sign
"abs"absolute value of the difference: equivalent
to the absdiff term
"posonly"positive differences are kept, negative differences are replaced by 0
"negonly"negative differences are kept, positive differences are replaced by 0
Note that this term may not be meaningful for unipartite undirected
networks unless sign.action=="abs". When used on such a
network, it behaves as if all edges were directed, going from the
lower-indexed vertex to the higher-indexed vertex.
desp(d, type="OTP") (binary) (directed)Directed edgewise shared partners: This term adds one network statistic to the model for each element in d where the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of edges in the network with exactly d[i] shared partners. This term can only be used with directed networks. Multiple shared partner definitions are possible; the type argument may be used to select the type of shared partner to be counted (see ddsp for type codes). By default, outgoing two-paths are employed.
dgwdsp(decay=0, fixed=FALSE, cutoff=30, type="OTP") (binary) (directed)Geometrically weighted dyadwise shared partner distribution: This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the geometrically weighted dyadwise shared partner distribution with decay parameter decay parameter, which should be non-negative. (this parameter was called alpha prior to ergm 3.7). The value supplied for this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE), or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). Note that the GWDSP statistic is equal to the sum of GWNSP plus GWESP. For a directed network, multiple shared partner definitions are possible; the type argument may be used to select the type of shared partner to employ (see ddsp for definitions). By default, outgoing two-paths are employed. The optional argument cutoff sets the number of underlying DSP terms to use in computing the statistics to reduce the computational burden.
dgwesp(decay=0, fixed=FALSE, cutoff=30, type="OTP") (binary) (directed)Geometrically weighted edgewise shared partner distribution: This term adds a statistic equal to the geometrically weighted edgewise (not dyadwise) shared partner distribution with decay parameter decay parameter, which should be non-negative. (this parameter was called alpha prior to ergm 3.7). The value supplied for this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE), or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). For a directed network, multiple shared partner definitions are possible; the type argument may be used to select the type of shared partner to employ (see ddsp for definitions). By default, outgoing two-paths are employed. The optional argument cutoff sets the number of underlying ESP terms to use in computing the statistics to reduce the computational burden.
dgwnsp(decay=0, fixed=FALSE, cutoff=30, type="OTP") (binary) (directed)Geometrically weighted non-edgewise shared partner distribution: This term is just like gwesp and gwdsp except it adds a statistic equal to the geometrically weighted nonedgewise (that is, over dyads that do not have an edge) shared partner distribution with decay parameter decay parameter, which should be non-negative. (this parameter was called alpha prior to ergm 3.7). The value supplied for this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE), or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). For a directed network, multiple shared partner definitions are possible; the type argument may be used to select the type of shared partner to employ (see ddsp for definitions). By default, outgoing two-paths are employed. The optional argument cutoff sets the number of underlying NSP terms to use in computing the statistics to reduce the computational burden.
dnsp(d, type="OTP") (binary) (directed)Directed non-edgewise shared partners: This term adds one network statistic to the model for each element in d where the \(i\)th such statistic equals the number of non-edges in the network with exactly d[i] shared partners. This term can only be used with directed networks. Multiple shared partner definitions are possible; the type argument may be used to select the type of shared partner to be counted (see ddsp for type codes). By default, outgoing two-paths are employed.
dsp(d) (binary) (directed) (undirected)Dyadwise shared partners:
The d argument is a vector of distinct integers. This term adds one
network statistic to the model for each element in d; the \(i\)th
such statistic equals the number of dyads in the network with exactly
d[i] shared partners. This term can be used with directed and
undirected networks. For directed networks the count is over homogeneous
shared partners only (i.e., only partners on a directed two-path connecting
the nodes in the dyad).
dyadcov(x, attrname=NULL) (binary) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (categorical nodal attribute)
Dyadic covariate: The x
argument is either a square matrix of covariates, one for each possible
edge in the network, the name of a network attribute of covariates,
or a network; if the latter, optional argument attrname provides
the name of the quantitative edge attribute to use for covariate values
(in this case, missing edges in x are assigned a covariate value
of zero).
This term adds three statistics to the model, each equal to the sum of the
covariate values for all dyads occupying one of the three possible non-empty
dyad states (mutual, upper-triangular asymmetric, and lower-triangular
asymmetric dyads, respectively), with the empty or null state serving as a
reference category. If the network is undirected, x is either a
matrix of edgewise covariates, or a network; if the latter, optional
argument attrname provides the name of the edge attribute to use for
edge values. This term adds one statistic to the model, equal to the sum of
the covariate values for each edge appearing in the network. The
edgecov and dyadcov terms are equivalent for undirected
networks.
edgecov(x, attrname=NULL) (binary) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (frequently-used)
, edgecov(x,
attrname=NULL, form="sum") (valued) (directed) (undirected) (dyad-independent)Edge covariate: The x
argument is either a square matrix of covariates, one for each possible
edge in the network, the name of a network attribute of covariates,
or a network; if the latter, optional argument attrname provides
the name of the quantitative edge attribute to use for covariate values
(in this case, missing edges in x are assigned a covariate value
of zero). This term adds one statistic to the model, equal to the sum
of the covariate values for each edge appearing in the network. The
edgecov term applies to both directed and undirected networks. For
undirected networks the covariates are also assumed to be undirected. The
edgecov and dyadcov terms are equivalent for undirected
networks.
edges (binary) (valued) (dyad-independent) (directed) (undirected) (frequently-used)
, a.k.a nonzero (valued) (directed) (undirected) (dyad-independent)
Edges: This term adds one network statistic equal
to the number of edges (i.e. nonzero values) in the network. For undirected networks, edges
is equal to kstar(1); for directed networks, edges is equal to
both ostar(1) and istar(1).
esp(d) (binary) (directed) (undirected)Edgewise shared partners:
This is just like the dsp term, except this term adds one network
statistic to the model for each element in d where the \(i\)th such
statistic equals the number of edges (rather than dyads) in the
network with exactly d[i] shared partners. This term can be used with
directed and undirected networks. For directed networks the count is over
homogeneous shared partners only (i.e., only partners on a directed two-path
connecting the nodes in the edge and in the same direction).
equalto(value=0, tolerance=0) (valued) (directed) (undirected) (dyad-independent)Number of dyads with
values equal to a specific value (within tolerance):
Adds one statistic equal to the number of dyads whose values
are within tolerance of value, i.e., between
value-tolerance and value+tolerance, inclusive.
greaterthan(threshold=0) (valued) (directed) (undirected) (dyad-independent)Number of dyads with
values strictly greater than a threshold:
Adds one statistic equal to the number of dyads whose values
exceed threshold.
gwb1degree(decay, fixed=FALSE, attrname=NULL, cutoff=30, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (curved)Geometrically weighted
degree distribution for the first mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode)
network:
This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the weighted
degree distribution with decay controlled by the decay parameter, which should be non-negative,
for nodes in the
first mode of a bipartite network. The first mode of a bipartite network
object is sometimes known as the "actor" mode.
The decay parameter is the same as theta_s in
equation (14) in Hunter (2007). The value supplied for
this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE),
or it may be used as merely the starting value for the estimation
in a curved exponential family model (the default).
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden. If attrname is specified then separate degree
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite
networks.
gwb2degree(decay, fixed=FALSE, attrname=NULL, cutoff=30, levels=NULL) (binary) (bipartite) (undirected) (curved)Geometrically weighted
degree distribution for the second mode in a bipartite (aka two-mode)
network:
This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the weighted
degree distribution with decay controlled by the which should be non-negative,
for nodes in the
second mode of a bipartite network. The second mode of a bipartite network
object is sometimes known as the "event" mode.
The decay parameter is the same as theta_s in
equation (14) in Hunter (2007). The value supplied for
this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE),
or it may be used as merely the starting value for the estimation
in a curved exponential family model (the default).
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden. If attrname is specified then separate degree
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
This term can only be used with undirected bipartite
networks.
gwdegree(decay, fixed=FALSE, attrname=NULL, cutoff=30, levels=NULL) (binary) (undirected) (curved) (frequently-used)
Geometrically weighted
degree distribution:
This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the weighted
degree distribution with decay controlled by the decay parameter.
The decay parameter is the same as theta_s in
equation (14) in Hunter (2007). The value supplied for
this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE),
or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay
in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006).
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden. If attrname is specified then separate degree
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute. This term can only be used with undirected networks.
gwdsp(decay=0, fixed=FALSE, cutoff=30) (binary) (directed) (undirected) (curved)Geometrically weighted
dyadwise shared partner distribution:
This term adds one network statistic to the model equal to the geometrically
weighted dyadwise shared partner distribution with decay parameter
decay parameter, which should be non-negative. The value supplied for
this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE),
or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay
in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). For
directed networks the count is over homogeneous shared partners only (i.e.,
only partners on a directed two-path connecting the nodes in the dyad).
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden.
gwesp(decay=0, fixed=FALSE, cutoff=30) (binary) (frequently-used) (directed) (undirected) (curved)Geometrically weighted
edgewise shared partner distribution:
This term is just like gwdsp except it adds a statistic equal to the
geometrically weighted edgewise (not dyadwise) shared partner
distribution with decay parameter
decay parameter, which should be non-negative. The value supplied for
this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE),
or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay
in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). This term can be used with directed and
undirected networks. For directed networks the geometric weighting is over
homogeneous shared partners only (i.e., only partners on a directed two-path
connecting the nodes in the edge and in the same direction).
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden.
gwidegree(decay, fixed=FALSE, attrname=NULL, cutoff=30, levels=NULL) (binary) (directed) (curved)Geometrically weighted
in-degree distribution: This term adds one network statistic to the model
equal to the weighted in-degree distribution with decay parameter
decay parameter, which should be non-negative. (this parameter was called alpha prior to ergm 3.7). The value supplied for
this parameter may be fixed (if fixed=TRUE),
or it may be used instead as the starting value for the estimation of decay
in a curved exponential family model (when fixed=FALSE, the default) (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). This
term can only be used with directed networks.
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden. If attrname is specified then separate degree
statistics are calculated for nodes having each separate
value of the attribute.
gwnsp(decay=0, fixed=FALSE, cutoff=30) (binary) (directed) (undirected) (curved)Geometrically weighted
nonedgewise shared partner distribution: This term is just like
gwesp and gwdsp except it adds a statistic equal to
the geometrically weighted nonedgewise (that is, over dyads
that do not have an edge) shared partner distribution with weight
parameter decay parameter, which should be non-negative. (this parameter was called alpha prior to ergm 3.7). The optional argument fixed indicates
whether the decay parameter is fixed at the given value, or is to be fit as a curved
exponential-family model (see Hunter and Handcock, 2006). The
default is FALSE, which means the scale parameter is not
fixed and thus the model is a CEF model. This term can be used with
directed and undirected networks. For directed networks the
geometric weighting is over homogeneous shared partners only (i.e.,
only partners on a directed two-path connecting the nodes in the
non-edge and in the same direction).
The optional argument cutoff
is only relevant if fixed=FALSE. In that case it only uses this
number of terms in computing the statistics to reduce the computational
burden.
gwodegree(decay, fixed=FALSE, attrname=NULL, cutoff=30, levels=NULL) (binary) (directed) (curved)Geometrically weighted
out-degree distribution: This term adds one network statistic to the model
equal to the weighted out-degree distribution with decay parameter
decay pa
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# NOT RUN {
ergm(flomarriage ~ kstar(1:2) + absdiff("wealth") + triangle)
ergm(molecule ~ edges + kstar(2:3) + triangle
+ nodematch("atomic type",diff=TRUE)
+ triangle + absdiff("atomic type"))
# }
# NOT RUN {
<!-- % TODO: Write a valued example. -->
# }
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