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Returns the first or last parts of a vector, matrix, table, data frame
or function. Since head() and tail() are generic
functions, they may also have been extended to other classes.
head(x, …)
# S3 method for default
head(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for data.frame
head(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for matrix
head(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for ftable
head(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for table
head(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for function
head(x, n = 6L, …)tail(x, …)
# S3 method for default
tail(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for data.frame
tail(x, n = 6L, …)
# S3 method for matrix
tail(x, n = 6L, addrownums = TRUE, …)
# S3 method for ftable
tail(x, n = 6L, addrownums = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for table
tail(x, n = 6L, addrownums = TRUE, …)
# S3 method for function
tail(x, n = 6L, …)
an object
a single integer. If positive or zero, size for the resulting
object: number of elements for a vector (including lists), rows for
a matrix or data frame or lines for a function. If negative, all but
the n last/first number of elements of x.
if there are no row names, create them from the row numbers.
arguments to be passed to or from other methods.
An object (usually) like x but generally smaller. For
ftable objects x, a transformed format(x).
For matrices, 2-dim tables and data frames, head() (tail()) returns
the first (last) n rows when n >= 0 or all but the
last (first) n rows when n < 0. head.matrix() and
tail.matrix() are exported. For functions, the
lines of the deparsed function are returned as character strings.
If a matrix has no row names, then tail() will add row names of
the form "[n,]" to the result, so that it looks similar to the
last lines of x when printed. Setting
addrownums = FALSE suppresses this behaviour.
# NOT RUN {
head(letters)
head(letters, n = -6L)
head(freeny.x, n = 10L)
head(freeny.y)
tail(letters)
tail(letters, n = -6L)
tail(freeny.x)
tail(freeny.y)
tail(library)
head(stats::ftable(Titanic))
# }
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