Fast imputation mode. A random forest is grown and used to impute missing data. No ensemble estimates or error rates are calculated.
# S3 method for rfsrc
impute(formula, data,
ntree = 500, nodesize = 1, nsplit = 10,
nimpute = 2, fast = FALSE, blocks,
mf.q, max.iter = 10, eps = 0.01,
ytry = NULL, always.use = NULL, verbose = TRUE,
...)A symbolic description of the model to be fit. Can be left unspecified if there are no outcomes or we don't care to distinguish between y-outcomes and x-variables in the imputation. Ignored when using multivariate missForest imputation.
Data frame containing the data to be imputed.
Number of trees to grow.
Forest average terminal node size.
Non-negative integer value used to specify random splitting.
Number of iterations of the missing data algorithm.
Ignored for multivariate missForest; in which case the algorithm
iterates until a convergence criteria is achieved (users can
however enforce a maximum number of iterations with the option
max.iter).
Use fast random forests, rfsrcFast, in place of
rfsrc? Improves speed but is less accurate.
Integer value specifying the number of blocks the data should be broken up into (by rows). This can improve computational efficiency when the sample size is large but imputation efficiency decreases. By default, no action is taken if left unspecified.
Use this to turn on missForest (which is off by default). Specifies fraction of variables (between 0 and 1) used as responses in multivariate missForest imputation. Can also be an integer, in which case this equals the number of multivariate responses.
Maximum number of iterations used when implementing multivariate missForest imputation.
Tolerance value used to determine convergence of multivariate missForest imputation.
Number of variables used as pseudo-responses in unsupervised forests. See details below.
Character vector of variable names to always be included as a response in multivariate missForest imputation. Does not apply for other imputation methods.
Send verbose output to terminal (only applies to multivariate missForest imputation).
Further arguments passed to or from other methods.
Invisibly, the data frame containing the orginal data with imputed data overlayed.
Grow a forest and use this to impute data. All external calculations such as ensemble calculations, error rates, etc. are turned off. Use this function if your only interest is imputing the data.
Split statistics are calculated using non-misssing data only. If a node splits on a variable with missing data, the variable's missing data is imputed by randomly drawing values from non-missing in-bag data. The purpose of this is to make it possible to assign cases to daughter nodes based on the split.
If no formula is specified, unsupervised splitting is
implemented using a ytry value of sqrt(p) where
p equals the number of variables. More precisely,
mtry variables are selected at random, and for each of these
a random subset of ytry variables are selected and defined as
the multivariate pseudo-responses. A multivariate composite
splitting rule of dimension ytry is then applied to each of
the mtry multivariate regression problems and the node split
on the variable leading to the best split (Tang and Ishwaran, 2017).
If mf.q is specified, a multivariate version of
missForest imputation (Stekhoven and Buhlmann, 2012) is applied. A
fraction mf.q of variables are used as multivariate responses
and split by the remaining variables using multivariate composite
splitting (Tang and Ishwaran, 2017). Missing data for responses are
imputed by prediction. The process is repeated using a new set of
variables for responses (mutually exclusive to the previous fit),
until all variables have been imputed. This is one iteration. The
entire process is repeated, and the algorithm iterated until a
convergence criteria is met (specified using options max.iter
and eps). Integer values for mf.q are allowed and
interpreted as a request that mf.q variables be selected for
the multivariate response. This is generally the most accurate of
all the imputation procedures, but also the most computationally
demanding. However see examples below for strategies to increase
speed.
Prior to imputation, the data is processed and records with all values missing are removed, as are variables having all missing values.
If there is no missing data, either before or after processing of the data, the algorithm returns the processed data and no imputation is performed.
The default choice nimpute=2 is chosen for coherence
with the default missing data algorithm implemented in grow mode.
Thus, if the user imputes data with nimpute=2 and runs a
grow forest using this imputed data, then performance values such as
VIMP and error rates will coincide with those obtained by running a
grow forest on the original non-imputed data using na.action =
"na.impute". Ignored for multivariate missForest.
All options are the same as rfsrc and the user should
consult the rfsrc help file for details.
Ishwaran H., Kogalur U.B., Blackstone E.H. and Lauer M.S. (2008). Random survival forests, Ann. App. Statist., 2:841-860.
Stekhoven D.J. and Buhlmann P. (2012). MissForest--non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data. Bioinformatics, 28(1):112-118.
Tang F. and Ishwaran H. (2017). Random forest missing data algorithms. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 10, 363-377.
# NOT RUN {
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## example of survival imputation
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## default everything - unsupervised splitting
data(pbc, package = "randomForestSRC")
pbc1.d <- impute(data = pbc)
## imputation using outcome splitting
f <- as.formula(Surv(days, status) ~ .)
pbc2.d <- impute(f, data = pbc, nsplit = 3)
## random splitting can be reasonably good
pbc3.d <- impute(f, data = pbc, splitrule = "random", nimpute = 5)
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## example of regression imputation
## ------------------------------------------------------------
air1.d <- impute(data = airquality, nimpute = 5)
air2.d <- impute(Ozone ~ ., data = airquality, nimpute = 5)
air3.d <- impute(Ozone ~ ., data = airquality, fast = TRUE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## multivariate missForest imputation
## ------------------------------------------------------------
data(pbc, package = "randomForestSRC")
## missForest algorithm - uses 1 variable at a time for the response
pbc.d <- impute(data = pbc, mf.q = 1)
## multivariate missForest - use 10 percent of variables as responses
## i.e. multivariate missForest
pbc.d <- impute(data = pbc, mf.q = .01)
## missForest but faster by using random splitting
pbc.d <- impute(data = pbc, mf.q = 1, splitrule = "random")
## missForest but faster by increasing nodesize
pbc.d <- impute(data = pbc, mf.q = 1, nodesize = 20, splitrule = "random")
## missForest but faster by using rfsrcFast
pbc.d <- impute(data = pbc, mf.q = 1, fast = TRUE)
# }
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