base (version 3.6.0)

utf8Conversion: Convert Integer Vectors to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors

Description

Conversion of UTF-8 encoded character vectors to and from integer vectors representing a UTF-32 encoding.

Usage

utf8ToInt(x)
intToUtf8(x, multiple = FALSE, allow_surrogate_pairs = FALSE)

Arguments

x

object to be converted.

multiple

logical: should the conversion be to a single character string or multiple individual characters?

allow_surrogate_pairs

logical: should interpretation of surrogate pairs be attempted? (See ‘Details’.) Only supported for multiple = FALSE and in R 3.5.0 and later.

Value

utf8ToInt converts a length-one character string encoded in UTF-8 to an integer vector of Unicode code points.

intToUtf8 converts a numeric vector of Unicode code points either (default) to a single character string or a character vector of single characters. Non-integral numeric values are truncated to integers. For output to a single character string 0 is silently omitted: otherwise 0 is mapped to "". The Encoding of a non-NA return value is declared as "UTF-8".

Invalid and NA inputs are mapped to NA output.

Validity

Which code points are regarded as valid has changed over the lifetime of UTF-8. Originally all 32-bit unsigned integers were potentially valid and could be converted to up to 6 bytes in UTF-8. Since 2003 it has been stated that there will never be valid code points larger than 0x10FFFF, and so valid UTF-8 encodings are never more than 4 bytes.

The code points in the surrogate-pair range 0xD000 to 0xDFFF are prohibited in UTF-8 and so are regarded as invalid by utf8ToInt and by default by intToUtf8.

The position of ‘noncharacters’ (notably 0xFFFE and 0xFFFF) was clarified by ‘Corrigendum 9’ in 2013. These are valid but will never be given an official interpretation. (In some earlier versions of R utf8ToInt treated them as invalid.)

Details

These will work in any locale, including on platforms that do not otherwise support multi-byte character sets.

Unicode defines a name and a number of all of the glyphs it encompasses: the numbers are called code points: since RFC3629 they run from 0 to 0x10FFFF (with about 12% being assigned by version 10.0 of the Unicode standard).

intToUtf8 does not by default handle surrogate pairs: inputs in the surrogate ranges are mapped to NA. They might occur if a UTF-16 byte stream has been read as 2-byte integers (in the correct byte order), in which case allow_surrogate_pairs = TRUE will try to interpret them (with unmatched surrogate values still treated as NA).

References

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629, the current standard for UTF-8.

http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html for non-characters.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
## will only display in some locales and fonts
intToUtf8(0x03B2L) # Greek beta
# }
# NOT RUN {
utf8ToInt("bi\u00dfchen")
utf8ToInt("\xfa\xb4\xbf\xbf\x9f")

## A valid UTF-16 surrogate pair (for U+10437)
x <- c(0xD801, 0xDC37)
intToUtf8(x)
intToUtf8(x, TRUE)
(xx <- intToUtf8(x, , TRUE)) # will only display in some locales and fonts
charToRaw(xx)

# }
# NOT RUN {
## An example of how surrogate pairs might occur
x <- "\U10437"
charToRaw(x)
foo <- tempfile()
writeLines(x, file(foo, encoding = "UTF-16LE"))
## next two are OS-specific, but are mandated by POSIX
system(paste("od -x", foo)) # 2-byte units, correct on little-endian platform
system(paste("od -t x1", foo)) # single bytes as hex
y <- readBin(foo, "integer", 2, 2, FALSE, endian = "little")
sprintf("%X", y)
intToUtf8(y, , TRUE)
# }