copula (version 0.999-7)

polylog: Polylogarithm $\mathrm{Li_s(z)}$

Description

Compute the polylogarithm function $\mathrm{Li_s(z)}$, initially defined as the power series, $$\mathrm{Li}_s(z) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty {z^k \over k^s},$$ for $|z| < 1$, and then more generally (by analytic continuation) as $$\mathrm{Li}_1(z) = -\log(1-z),$$ and $$\mathrm{Li}_{s+1}(z) = \int_0^z \frac{\mathrm{Li}_s(t)}{t}\,dt.$$

Currently only the case of negative integer $s$ is well supported, as that is used for some of the Archimedean copula densities.

Usage

polylog(z, s,
        method = c("sum", "negI-s-Stirling",
                   "negI-s-Eulerian", "negI-s-asymp-w"),
        logarithm = FALSE, is.log.z = FALSE, is.logmlog = FALSE,
        asymp.w.order = 0, n.sum)

Arguments

z

numeric or complex vector

s

complex number; current implementation is aimed at $s \in {0,-1,\dots}$

method

a string specifying the algorithm to be used.

logarithm

logical specified to return log(Li.(.)) instead of Li.(.)

is.log.z

logical; if TRUE, the specified z argument is really $w = \log(z)$; that is, we compute $\mathrm{Li}_s(\exp(w))$, and we typically have $w < 0$, or equivalently, $z < 1$.

is.logmlog

logical; if TRUE, the specified argument z is $lw = \log(-w) = \log(-\log(z))$ (where as above, $w = \log(z)$).

asymp.w.order

currently only default is implemented.

n.sum

for method="sum" only: the number of terms used.

Value

• numeric/complex vector as z.

Details

Almost entirely taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylogarithm:

For integer values of the polylogarithm order, the following explicit expressions are obtained by repeated application of $z \frac{\partial}{\partial z}$ to $\mathrm{Li}_1(z)$:$$\mathrm{Li}_{1}(z) = -\log(1-z), \ \ \mathrm{Li}_{0}(z) = {z \over 1-z}, \ \ \mathrm{Li}_{-1}(z) = {z \over (1-z)^2}, \ \ \mathrm{Li}_{-2}(z) = {z \,(1+z) \over (1-z)^3},$$ $\mathrm{Li}_{-3}(z) = {z \,(1+4z+z^2) \over (1-z)^4}$, etc.

Accordingly, the polylogarithm reduces to a ratio of polynomials in z, and is therefore a rational function of z, for all nonpositive integer orders. The general case may be expressed as a finite sum: $$\mathrm{Li}_{-n}(z) = \left(z \,{\partial \over \partial z} \right)^n \frac{z}{1-z} = \sum_{k=0}^n k! \,S(n+1,k+1) \left({z \over {1-z}} \right)^{k+1} \ \ (n=0,1,2,\ldots),$$ where $S(n,k)$ are the Stirling numbers of the second kind.

Equivalent formulae applicable to negative integer orders are (Wood 1992, § 6) ... $$\mathrm{Li}_{-n}(z) = {1 \over (1-z)^{n+1}} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \left\langle {n \atop k} \right\rangle z^{n-k} = \frac{z \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \left\langle {n \atop k} \right \rangle z^k}{(1-z)^{n+1}}, \qquad (n=1,2,3,\ldots) ~,$$ where $\left\langle {n \atop k} \right\rangle$ are the Eulerian numbers; see also Eulerian.

References

Wikipedia (2011) Polylogarithm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylogarithm.

Wood, D. C. (June 1992). The Computation of Polylogarithms. Technical Report 15-92. Canterbury, UK: University of Kent Computing Laboratory. http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/1992/110. Apostol, T. M. (2010), "Polylogarithm", in the NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, http://dlmf.nist.gov/25.12

Lewin, L. (1981). Polylogarithms and Associated Functions. New York: North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-00550-1.

See Also

is used in MLE for some Archimedean copulas; see emle.

Examples

polylog(z = 1, s = 2, n.sum = 1e5)
## in the limit, should be equal
pi^2 / 6

z1 <- c(0.95, 0.99, 0.995, 0.999, 0.9999)
L   <- polylog(         z1,  s=-3,method="negI-s-Euler") # close to Inf
LL  <- polylog(     log(z1), s=-3,method="negI-s-Euler",is.log.z=TRUE)
LLL <- polylog(log(-log(z1)),s=-3,method="negI-s-Euler",is.logmlog=TRUE)
all.equal(L, LL)
all.equal(L, LLL)

p.Li <- function(s.set, from = -2.6, to = 1/4, ylim = c(-1, 0.5),
                 colors = c("orange","brown", palette()), n = 201, ...)
{
    s.set <- sort(s.set, decreasing = TRUE)
    s <- s.set[1] # <_ for auto-ylab
    curve(polylog(x, s, method="negI-s-Stirling"), from, to,
          col=colors[1], ylim=ylim, n=n, ...)
    abline(h=0,v=0, col="gray")
    for(is in seq_along(s.set)[-1])
        curve(polylog(x, s=s.set[is], method="negI-s-Stirling"),
              add=TRUE, col = colors[is], n=n)
    s <- rev(s.set)
    legend("bottomright",paste("s =",s), col=colors[2-s], lty=1, bty="n")
}

## yellow is unbearable (on white):
palette(local({p <- palette(); p[p=="yellow"] <- "goldenrod"; p}))

## Wikipedia page plot (+/-):
p.Li(1:-3, ylim= c(-.8, 0.6), colors = c(2:4,6:7))

## and a bit more:
p.Li(1:-5)

## For the range we need it:
ccol <- c(NA,NA, rep(palette(),10))
p.Li(-1:-20, from=0, to=.99, colors=ccol, ylim = c(0, 10))
## log-y scale:
p.Li(-1:-20, from=0, to=.99, colors=ccol, ylim = c(.01, 1e7),
     log = "y", yaxt = "n")
if(require(sfsmisc)) eaxis(2) else axis(2)