stats (version 3.6.2)

predict.lm: Predict method for Linear Model Fits

Description

Predicted values based on linear model object.

Usage

# S3 method for lm
predict(object, newdata, se.fit = FALSE, scale = NULL, df = Inf,
        interval = c("none", "confidence", "prediction"),
        level = 0.95, type = c("response", "terms"),
        terms = NULL, na.action = na.pass,
        pred.var = res.var/weights, weights = 1, …)

Arguments

object

Object of class inheriting from "lm"

newdata

An optional data frame in which to look for variables with which to predict. If omitted, the fitted values are used.

se.fit

A switch indicating if standard errors are required.

scale

Scale parameter for std.err. calculation.

df

Degrees of freedom for scale.

interval

Type of interval calculation. Can be abbreviated.

level

Tolerance/confidence level.

type

Type of prediction (response or model term). Can be abbreviated.

terms

If type = "terms", which terms (default is all terms), a character vector.

na.action

function determining what should be done with missing values in newdata. The default is to predict NA.

pred.var

the variance(s) for future observations to be assumed for prediction intervals. See ‘Details’.

weights

variance weights for prediction. This can be a numeric vector or a one-sided model formula. In the latter case, it is interpreted as an expression evaluated in newdata.

…

further arguments passed to or from other methods.

Value

predict.lm produces a vector of predictions or a matrix of predictions and bounds with column names fit, lwr, and upr if interval is set. For type = "terms" this is a matrix with a column per term and may have an attribute "constant".

If se.fit is TRUE, a list with the following components is returned:

fit

vector or matrix as above

se.fit

standard error of predicted means

residual.scale

residual standard deviations

df

degrees of freedom for residual

Details

predict.lm produces predicted values, obtained by evaluating the regression function in the frame newdata (which defaults to model.frame(object)). If the logical se.fit is TRUE, standard errors of the predictions are calculated. If the numeric argument scale is set (with optional df), it is used as the residual standard deviation in the computation of the standard errors, otherwise this is extracted from the model fit. Setting intervals specifies computation of confidence or prediction (tolerance) intervals at the specified level, sometimes referred to as narrow vs. wide intervals.

If the fit is rank-deficient, some of the columns of the design matrix will have been dropped. Prediction from such a fit only makes sense if newdata is contained in the same subspace as the original data. That cannot be checked accurately, so a warning is issued.

If newdata is omitted the predictions are based on the data used for the fit. In that case how cases with missing values in the original fit are handled is determined by the na.action argument of that fit. If na.action = na.omit omitted cases will not appear in the predictions, whereas if na.action = na.exclude they will appear (in predictions, standard errors or interval limits), with value NA. See also napredict.

The prediction intervals are for a single observation at each case in newdata (or by default, the data used for the fit) with error variance(s) pred.var. This can be a multiple of res.var, the estimated value of \(\sigma^2\): the default is to assume that future observations have the same error variance as those used for fitting. If weights is supplied, the inverse of this is used as a scale factor. For a weighted fit, if the prediction is for the original data frame, weights defaults to the weights used for the model fit, with a warning since it might not be the intended result. If the fit was weighted and newdata is given, the default is to assume constant prediction variance, with a warning.

See Also

The model fitting function lm, predict.

SafePrediction for prediction from (univariable) polynomial and spline fits.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
require(graphics)

## Predictions
x <- rnorm(15)
y <- x + rnorm(15)
predict(lm(y ~ x))
new <- data.frame(x = seq(-3, 3, 0.5))
predict(lm(y ~ x), new, se.fit = TRUE)
pred.w.plim <- predict(lm(y ~ x), new, interval = "prediction")
pred.w.clim <- predict(lm(y ~ x), new, interval = "confidence")
matplot(new$x, cbind(pred.w.clim, pred.w.plim[,-1]),
        lty = c(1,2,2,3,3), type = "l", ylab = "predicted y")

## Prediction intervals, special cases
##  The first three of these throw warnings
w <- 1 + x^2
fit <- lm(y ~ x)
wfit <- lm(y ~ x, weights = w)
predict(fit, interval = "prediction")
predict(wfit, interval = "prediction")
predict(wfit, new, interval = "prediction")
predict(wfit, new, interval = "prediction", weights = (new$x)^2)
predict(wfit, new, interval = "prediction", weights = ~x^2)

##-- From  aov(.) example ---- predict(.. terms)
npk.aov <- aov(yield ~ block + N*P*K, npk)
(termL <- attr(terms(npk.aov), "term.labels"))
(pt <- predict(npk.aov, type = "terms"))
pt. <- predict(npk.aov, type = "terms", terms = termL[1:4])
stopifnot(all.equal(pt[,1:4], pt.,
                    tolerance = 1e-12, check.attributes = FALSE))
# }