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print
prints its argument and returns it invisibly (via
invisible(x)
). It is a generic function which means that
new printing methods can be easily added for new class
es.
print(x, …)# S3 method for factor
print(x, quote = FALSE, max.levels = NULL,
width = getOption("width"), …)
# S3 method for table
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), quote = FALSE,
na.print = "", zero.print = "0",
right = is.numeric(x) || is.complex(x),
justify = "none", …)
# S3 method for function
print(x, useSource = TRUE, …)
an object used to select a method.
further arguments passed to or from other methods.
logical, indicating whether or not strings should be printed with surrounding quotes.
integer, indicating how many levels should be
printed for a factor; if 0
, no extra "Levels" line will be
printed. The default, NULL
, entails choosing max.levels
such that the levels print on one line of width width
.
only used when max.levels
is NULL, see above.
minimal number of significant digits, see
print.default
.
character string (or NULL
) indicating
NA
values in printed output, see
print.default
.
character specifying how zeros (0
) should be
printed; for sparse tables, using "."
can produce more
readable results, similar to printing sparse matrices in Matrix.
logical, indicating whether or not strings should be right aligned.
character indicating if strings should left- or
right-justified or left alone, passed to format
.
logical indicating if internally stored source
should be used for printing when present, e.g., if
options(keep.source = TRUE)
has been in use.
The default method, print.default
has its own help page.
Use methods("print")
to get all the methods for the
print
generic.
print.factor
allows some customization and is used for printing
ordered
factors as well.
print.table
for printing table
s allows other
customization. As of R 3.0.0, it only prints a description in case of a table
with 0-extents (this can happen if a classifier has no valid data).
See noquote
as an example of a class whose main
purpose is a specific print
method.
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
The default method print.default
, and help for the
methods above; further options
, noquote
.
For more customizable (but cumbersome) printing, see
cat
, format
or also write
.
For a simple prototypical print method, see
.print.via.format
in package tools.
# NOT RUN {
require(stats)
ts(1:20) #-- print is the "Default function" --> print.ts(.) is called
for(i in 1:3) print(1:i)
## Printing of factors
attenu$station ## 117 levels -> 'max.levels' depending on width
## ordered factors: levels "l1 < l2 < .."
esoph$agegp[1:12]
esoph$alcgp[1:12]
## Printing of sparse (contingency) tables
set.seed(521)
t1 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.8)))
t2 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.4)))
table(t1, t2) # simple
print(table(t1, t2), zero.print = ".") # nicer to read
## same for non-integer "table":
T <- table(t2,t1)
T <- T * (1+round(rlnorm(length(T)))/4)
print(T, zero.print = ".") # quite nicer,
print.table(T[,2:8] * 1e9, digits=3, zero.print = ".")
## still slightly inferior to Matrix::Matrix(T) for larger T
## Corner cases with empty extents:
table(1, NA) # < table of extent 1 x 0 >
# }
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