foreign (version 0.8-87)

read.spss: Read an SPSS Data File

Description

read.spss reads a file stored by the SPSS save or export commands.

This was orignally written in 2000 and has limited support for changes in SPSS formats since (which have not been many).

Usage

read.spss(file, use.value.labels = TRUE, to.data.frame = FALSE,
          max.value.labels = Inf, trim.factor.names = FALSE,
          trim_values = TRUE, reencode = NA, use.missings = to.data.frame, 
          sub = ".", add.undeclared.levels = c("sort", "append", "no"),
          duplicated.value.labels = c("append", "condense"),
          duplicated.value.labels.infix = "_duplicated_", ...)

Value

A list (or optionally a data frame) with one component for each variable in the saved data set.

If what looks like a Windows codepage was recorded in the SPSS file, it is attached (as a number) as attribute "codepage" to the result.

There may be attributes "label.table" and

"variable.labels". Attribute "label.table" is a named list of value labels with one element per variable, either NULL

or a named character vector. Attribute "variable.labels" is a named character vector with names the short variable names and elements the long names.

If there are user-defined missing values, there will be a attribute

"Missings". This is a named list with one list element per variable. Each element has an element type, a length-one character vector giving the type of missingness, and may also have an element value with the values corresponding to missingness. This is a complex subject (where the R and C source code for

read.spss is the main documentation), but the simplest cases are types "one", "two" and "three" with a corresponding number of (real or string) values whose labels can be found from the "label.table" attribute. Other possibilities are a finite or semi-infinite range, possibly plus a single value. See also http://www.gnu.org/software/pspp/manual/html_node/Missing-Observations.html#Missing-Observations.

Arguments

file

character string: the name of the file or URL to read.

use.value.labels

logical: convert variables with value labels into R factors with those levels? This is only done if there are at least as many labels as values of the variable (when values without a matching label are returned as NA).

to.data.frame

logical: return a data frame?

max.value.labels

logical: only variables with value labels and at most this many unique values will be converted to factors if TRUE.

trim.factor.names

logical: trim trailing spaces from factor levels?

trim_values

logical: should values and value labels have trailing spaces ignored when matching for use.value.labels = TRUE?

reencode

logical: should character strings be re-encoded to the current locale. The default, NA, means to do so in UTF-8 or latin-1 locales, only. Alternatively a character string specifying an encoding to assume for the file.

use.missings

logical: should information on user-defined missing values be used to set the corresponding values to NA?

sub

character string: If not NA it is used by iconv to replace any non-convertible bytes in character/factor input. Default is ".". For back compatibility with foreign versions <= 0.8-68 use sub=NA.

add.undeclared.levels

character: specify how to handle variables with at least one value label and further non-missing values that have no value label (like a factor levels in R). For "sort" (the default) it adds undeclared factor levels to the already declared levels (and labels) and sort them according to level, for "append" it appends undeclared factor levels to declared levels (and labels) without sorting, and for "no" this does not convert to factor in case of numeric SPSS levels (not labels), and still converts to factor if the SPSS levels are characters and to.data.frame=TRUE. For back compatibility with foreign versions <= 0.8-68 use add.undeclared.levels="no" (not recommended as this may convert some values with missing corresponding value labels to NA).

duplicated.value.labels

character: what to do with duplicated value labels for different levels. For "append" (the default), the first original value label is kept while further duplicated labels are renamed to paste0(label, duplicated.value.labels.infix, level), for "condense", all levels with identical labels are condensed into exactly the first of these levels in R. Back compatibility with foreign versions <= 0.8-68 is not given as R versions >= 3.4.0 no longer support duplicated factor labels.

duplicated.value.labels.infix

character: the infix used for labels of factor levels with duplicated value labels in SPSS (default "_duplicated_") if duplicated.value.labels="append".

...

passed to as.data.frame if to.data.frame = TRUE.

Author

Saikat DebRoy and the R-core team

Details

This uses modified code from the PSPP project (http://www.gnu.org/software/pspp/ for reading the SPSS formats.

If the filename appears to be a URL (of schemes http:, ftp: or https:) the URL is first downloaded to a temporary file and then read. (https: is supported where supported by download.file with its current default method.)

Occasionally in SPSS, value labels will be added to some values of a continuous variable (e.g. to distinguish different types of missing data), and you will not want these variables converted to factors. By setting max.value.labels you can specify that variables with a large number of distinct values are not converted to factors even if they have value labels.

If SPSS variable labels are present, they are returned as the "variable.labels" attribute of the answer.

Fixed length strings (including value labels) are padded on the right with spaces by SPSS, and so are read that way by R. The default argument trim_values=TRUE causes trailing spaces to be ignored when matching to value labels, as examples have been seen where the strings and the value labels had different amounts of padding. See the examples for sub for ways to remove trailing spaces in character data.

URL https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/code-page-identifiers provides a list of translations from Windows codepage numbers to encoding names that iconv is likely to know about and so suitable values for reencode. Automatic re-encoding is attempted for apparent codepages of 200 or more in a UTF-8 or latin-1 locale: some other high-numbered codepages can be re-encoded on most systems, but the encoding names are platform-dependent (see iconvlist).

See Also

A different interface also based on the PSPP codebase is available in package memisc: see its help for spss.system.file.

Examples

(sav <- system.file("files", "electric.sav", package = "foreign"))
dat <- read.spss(file=sav) 
str(dat)   # list structure with attributes

dat <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame=TRUE) 
str(dat)   # now a data.frame


### Now we use an example file that is not very well structured and 
### hence may need some special treatment with appropriate argument settings.
### Expect lots of warnings as value labels (corresponding to R factor labels) are uncomplete, 
### and an unsupported long string variable is present in the data
(sav <- system.file("files", "testdata.sav", package = "foreign"))

### Examples for add.undeclared.levels:
## add.undeclared.levels = "sort" (default):
x.sort <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame = TRUE)
## add.undeclared.levels = "append":
x.append <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame = TRUE, 
    add.undeclared.levels = "append")
## add.undeclared.levels = "no":
x.no <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame = TRUE, 
    add.undeclared.levels = "no")

levels(x.sort$factor_n_undeclared)
levels(x.append$factor_n_undeclared)
str(x.no$factor_n_undeclared)


### Examples for duplicated.value.labels:
## duplicated.value.labels = "append" (default)
x.append <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame=TRUE)
## duplicated.value.labels = "condense"
x.condense <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame=TRUE, 
    duplicated.value.labels = "condense")

levels(x.append$factor_n_duplicated)
levels(x.condense$factor_n_duplicated)

as.numeric(x.append$factor_n_duplicated)
as.numeric(x.condense$factor_n_duplicated)

    
## Long Strings (>255 chars) are imported in consecutive separate variables 
## (see warning about subtype 14):
x <- read.spss(file=sav, to.data.frame=TRUE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

cat.long.string <- function(x, w=70) cat(paste(strwrap(x, width=w), "\n"))

## first part: x$string_500:
cat.long.string(x$string_500)
## second part: x$STRIN0:
cat.long.string(x$STRIN0)
## complete long string:
long.string <- apply(x[,c("string_500", "STRIN0")], 1, paste, collapse="")
cat.long.string(long.string)