nlme (version 3.1-78)

residuals.lme: Extract lme Residuals

Description

The residuals at level $i$ are obtained by subtracting the fitted levels at that level from the response vector (and dividing by the estimated within-group standard error, if type="pearson"). The fitted values at level $i$ are obtained by adding together the population fitted values (based only on the fixed effects estimates) and the estimated contributions of the random effects to the fitted values at grouping levels less or equal to $i$.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'lme':
residuals(object, level, type, asList, \dots)

Value

if a single level of grouping is specified in level, the returned value is either a list with the residuals split by groups (asList = TRUE) or a vector with the residuals (asList = FALSE); else, when multiple grouping levels are specified in level, the returned object is a data frame with columns given by the residuals at different levels and the grouping factors.

References

Bates, D.M. and Pinheiro, J.C. (1998) "Computational methods for multilevel models" available in PostScript or PDF formats at http://franz.stat.wisc.edu/pub/NLME/

See Also

lme, fitted.lme

Examples

fm1 <- lme(distance ~ age + Sex, data = Orthodont, random = ~ 1)
residuals(fm1, level = 0:1)