graphics (version 3.6.0)

smoothScatter: Scatterplots with Smoothed Densities Color Representation

Description

smoothScatter produces a smoothed color density representation of a scatterplot, obtained through a (2D) kernel density estimate.

Usage

smoothScatter(x, y = NULL, nbin = 128, bandwidth,
              colramp = colorRampPalette(c("white", blues9)),
              nrpoints = 100, ret.selection = FALSE,
              pch = ".", cex = 1, col = "black",
              transformation = function(x) x^.25,
              postPlotHook = box,
              xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, xlim, ylim,
              xaxs = par("xaxs"), yaxs = par("yaxs"), ...)

Arguments

x, y

the x and y arguments provide the x and y coordinates for the plot. Any reasonable way of defining the coordinates is acceptable. See the function xy.coords for details. If supplied separately, they must be of the same length.

nbin

numeric vector of length one (for both directions) or two (for x and y separately) specifying the number of equally spaced grid points for the density estimation; directly used as gridsize in bkde2D().

bandwidth

numeric vector (length 1 or 2) of smoothing bandwidth(s). If missing, a more or less useful default is used. bandwidth is subsequently passed to function bkde2D.

colramp

function accepting an integer n as an argument and returning n colors.

nrpoints

number of points to be superimposed on the density image. The first nrpoints points from those areas of lowest regional densities will be plotted. Adding points to the plot allows for the identification of outliers. If all points are to be plotted, choose nrpoints = Inf.

ret.selection

logical indicating to return the ordered indices of “low density” points if nrpoints > 0.

pch, cex, col

arguments passed to points, when nrpoints > 0: point symbol, character expansion factor and color, see also par.

transformation

function mapping the density scale to the color scale.

postPlotHook

either NULL or a function which will be called (with no arguments) after image.

xlab, ylab

character strings to be used as axis labels, passed to image.

xlim, ylim

numeric vectors of length 2 specifying axis limits.

xaxs, yaxs, …

further arguments passed to image, e.g., add=TRUE or useRaster=TRUE.

Value

If ret.selection is true, a vector of integers of length nrpoints (or smaller, if there are less finite points inside xlim and ylim) with the indices of the low-density points drawn, ordered with lowest density first.

Details

smoothScatter produces a smoothed version of a scatter plot. Two dimensional (kernel density) smoothing is performed by bkde2D from package KernSmooth. See the examples for how to use this function together with pairs.

See Also

bkde2D from package KernSmooth; densCols which uses the same smoothing computations and blues9 in package grDevices.

scatter.smooth adds a loess regression smoother to a scatter plot.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
## A largish data set
n <- 10000
x1  <- matrix(rnorm(n), ncol = 2)
x2  <- matrix(rnorm(n, mean = 3, sd = 1.5), ncol = 2)
x   <- rbind(x1, x2)

oldpar <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar=.1+c(3,3,1,1), mgp = c(1.5, 0.5, 0))
smoothScatter(x, nrpoints = 0)
smoothScatter(x)

## a different color scheme:
Lab.palette <- colorRampPalette(c("blue", "orange", "red"), space = "Lab")
i.s <- smoothScatter(x, colramp = Lab.palette,
                     ## pch=NA: do not draw them
                     nrpoints = 250, ret.selection=TRUE)
## label the 20 very lowest-density points,the "outliers" (with obs.number):
i.20 <- i.s[1:20]
text(x[i.20,], labels = i.20, cex= 0.75)

## somewhat similar, using identical smoothing computations,
## but considerably *less* efficient for really large data:
plot(x, col = densCols(x), pch = 20)

## use with pairs:
par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
y <- matrix(rnorm(40000), ncol = 4) + 3*rnorm(10000)
y[, c(2,4)] <-  -y[, c(2,4)]
pairs(y, panel = function(...) smoothScatter(..., nrpoints = 0, add = TRUE),
      gap = 0.2)

par(oldpar)
# }