rootSolve (version 1.7)

stode: Iterative steady-state solver for ordinary differential equations (ODE) and a full or banded Jacobian.

Description

Estimates the steady-state condition for a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) written in the form: $$dy/dt = f(t,y)$$

i.e. finds the values of y for which f(t,y) = 0.

Uses a newton-raphson method, implemented in Fortran 77.

The system of ODE's is written as an R function or defined in compiled code that has been dynamically loaded.

Usage

stode(y, time = 0, func, parms = NULL, 
      rtol = 1e-6, atol = 1e-8, ctol = 1e-8, 
      jacfunc = NULL, jactype = "fullint", verbose = FALSE, 
      bandup = 1, banddown = 1, positive = FALSE, 
      maxiter = 100, ynames = TRUE, 
      dllname = NULL, initfunc = dllname, initpar = parms, 
      rpar = NULL, ipar = NULL, nout = 0, outnames = NULL, 
      forcings = NULL, initforc = NULL, fcontrol = NULL, 
      times = time, ...)

Arguments

y

the initial guess of (state) values for the ode system, a vector. If y has a name attribute, the names will be used to label the output matrix.

time, times

time for which steady-state is wanted; the default is times=0. (note- since version 1.7, 'times' has been added as an alias to 'time').

func

either a user-supplied function that computes the values of the derivatives in the ode system (the model definition) at time time, or a character string giving the name of a compiled function in a dynamically loaded shared library.

If func is a user-supplied function, it must be called as: yprime = func(t, y, parms, ...). t is the time point at which the steady-state is wanted, y is the current estimate of the variables in the ode system. If the initial values y has a names attribute, the names will be available inside func. parms is a vector of parameters (which may have a names attribute).

The return value of func should be a list, whose first element is a vector containing the derivatives of y with respect to time, and whose next elements (possibly with a names attribute) are global values that are required as output.

The derivatives should be specified in the same order as the state variables y.

If func is a string, then dllname must give the name of the shared library (without extension) which must be loaded before stode() is called. see Details for more information.

parms

other parameters passed to func and jacfunc.

rtol

relative error tolerance, either a scalar or a vector, one value for each y.

atol

absolute error tolerance, either a scalar or a vector, one value for each y.

ctol

if between two iterations, the maximal change in y is less than this amount, steady-state is assumed to be reached.

jacfunc

if not NULL, either a user-supplied R function that estimates the Jacobian of the system of differential equations dydot(i)/dy(j), or a character string giving the name of a compiled function in a dynamically loaded shared library as provided in dllname. In some circumstances, supplying jacfunc can speed up the computations. The R calling sequence for jacfunc is identical to that of func.

If the Jacobian is a full matrix, jacfunc should return a matrix dydot/dy, where the ith row contains the derivative of \(dy_i/dt\) with respect to \(y_j\), or a vector containing the matrix elements by columns (the way R and Fortran store matrices).

If the Jacobian is banded, jacfunc should return a matrix containing only the nonzero bands of the jacobian, (dydot/dy), rotated row-wise.

jactype

the structure of the Jacobian, one of "fullint", "fullusr", "bandusr", or "bandint" - either full or banded and estimated internally or by the user.

verbose

if TRUE: full output to the screen, e.g. will output the steady-state settings.

bandup

number of non-zero bands above the diagonal, in case the Jacobian is banded.

banddown

number of non-zero bands below the diagonal, in case the jacobian is banded.

positive

either a logical or a vector with indices of the state variables that have to be non-negative; if TRUE, all state variables y are forced to be non-negative numbers.

maxiter

maximal number of iterations during one call to the solver.\

ynames

if FALSE: names of state variables are not passed to function func ; this may speed up the simulation especially for multi-D models.

dllname

a string giving the name of the shared library (without extension) that contains all the compiled function or subroutine definitions referred to in func and jacfunc.

initfunc

if not NULL, the name of the initialisation function (which initialises values of parameters), as provided in dllname. See details.

initpar

only when dllname is specified and an initialisation function initfunc is in the dll: the parameters passed to the initialiser, to initialise the common blocks (FORTRAN) or global variables (C, C++).

rpar

only when dllname is specified: a vector with double precision values passed to the dll-functions whose names are specified by func and jacfunc.

ipar

only when dllname is specified: a vector with integer values passed to the dll-functions whose names are specified by func and jacfunc.

nout

only used if dllname is specified and the model is defined in compiled code: the number of output variables calculated in the compiled function func, present in the shared library. Note: it is not automatically checked whether this is indeed the number of output variables calculated in the dll - you have to perform this check in the code - see package vignette.

outnames

only used if dllname is specified and nout > 0: the names of output variables calculated in the compiled function func, present in the shared library.

forcings

only used if dllname is specified: a vector with the forcing function values, or a list with the forcing function data sets, each present as a two-columned matrix, with (time,value); interpolation outside the interval [min(times), max(times)] is done by taking the value at the closest data extreme.

This feature is here for compatibility with models defined in compiled code from package deSolve; see deSolve's package vignette "compiledCode".

initforc

if not NULL, the name of the forcing function initialisation function, as provided in dllname. It MUST be present if forcings has been given a value. See deSolve's package vignette "compiledCode".

fcontrol

A list of control parameters for the forcing functions. See deSolve's package vignette "compiledCode".

...

additional arguments passed to func and jacfunc allowing this to be a generic function.

Value

A list containing

y

a vector with the state variable values from the last iteration during estimation of steady-state condition of the system of equations. If y has a names attribute, it will be used to label the output values.

...

the number of "global" values returned.

The output will have the attribute steady, which returns TRUE, if steady-state has been reached and the attribute precis with an estimate of the precision attained during each iteration, the mean absolute rate of change (sum(abs(dy))/n).

Details

The work is done by a Fortran 77 routine that implements the Newton-Raphson method. It uses code from LINPACK.

The form of the Jacobian can be specified by jactype which can take the following values:

• jactype = "fullint" : a full jacobian, calculated internally by the solver, the default.

• jactype = "fullusr" : a full jacobian, specified by user function jacfunc.

• jactype = "bandusr" : a banded jacobian, specified by user function jacfunc; the size of the bands specified by bandup and banddown.

• jactype = "bandint" : a banded jacobian, calculated by the solver; the size of the bands specified by bandup and banddown.

if jactype= "fullusr" or "bandusr" then the user must supply a subroutine jacfunc.

The input parameters rtol, atol and ctol determine the error control performed by the solver.

The solver will control the vector e of estimated local errors in y, according to an inequality of the form max-norm of ( e/ewt ) \(\leq\) 1, where ewt is a vector of positive error weights. The values of rtol and atol should all be non-negative. The form of ewt is:

$$\mathbf{rtol} \times \mathrm{abs}(\mathbf{y}) + \mathbf{atol}$$

where multiplication of two vectors is element-by-element.

In addition, the solver will stop if between two iterations, the maximal change in the values of y is less than ctol.

Models may be defined in compiled C or Fortran code, as well as in R.

If func or jacfunc are a string, then they are assumed to be compiled code.

In this case, dllname must give the name of the shared library (without extension) which must be loaded before stode() is called.

See vignette("rooSolve") for how a model has to be specified in compiled code. Also, vignette("compiledCode") from package deSolve contains examples of how to do this.

If func is a user-supplied R-function, it must be called as: yprime = func(t, y, parms,...). t is the time at which the steady-state should be estimated, y is the current estimate of the variables in the ode system. The return value of func should be a list, whose first element is a vector containing the derivatives of y with respect to time, and whose next elements contains output variables whose values at steady-state are also required.

An example is given below:

model<-function(t,y,pars) { with (as.list(c(y,pars)),{ Min = r*OM oxicmin = Min*(O2/(O2+ks)) anoxicmin = Min*(1-O2/(O2+ks))* SO4/(SO4+ks2 dOM = Flux - oxicmin - anoxicmin dO2 = -oxicmin -2*rox*HS*(O2/(O2+ks)) + D*(BO2-O2) dSO4 = -0.5*anoxicmin +rox*HS*(O2/(O2+ks)) + D*(BSO4-SO4) dHS = 0.5*anoxicmin -rox*HS*(O2/(O2+ks)) + D*(BHS-HS)

list(c(dOM,dO2,dSO4,dHS),SumS=SO4+HS) }) }

This model can be solved as follows:

pars <- c(D=1,Flux=100,r=0.1,rox =1, ks=1,ks2=1,BO2=100,BSO4=10000,BHS = 0)

y<-c(OM=1,O2=1,SO4=1,HS=1) ST <- stode(y=y,func=model,parms=pars,pos=TRUE))

References

For a description of the Newton-Raphson method, e.g.

Press, WH, Teukolsky, SA, Vetterling, WT, Flannery, BP, 1996. Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN. The Art of Scientific computing. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.

The algorithm uses LINPACK code:

Dongarra, J.J., J.R. Bunch, C.B. Moler and G.W. Stewart, 1979. LINPACK user's guide, SIAM, Philadelphia.

See Also

steady, for a general interface to most of the steady-state solvers

steady.band, to find the steady-state of ODE models with a banded Jacobian

steady.1D, steady.2D, steady.3D steady-state solvers for 1-D, 2-D and 3-D partial differential equations.

stodes, iterative steady-state solver for ODEs with arbitrary sparse Jacobian.

runsteady, steady-state solver by dynamically running to steady-state

Examples

# NOT RUN {
## =======================================================================
## Example 1. A simple sediment biogeochemical model
## =======================================================================

model<-function(t, y, pars)
{

with (as.list(c(y, pars)),{

  Min       = r*OM
  oxicmin   = Min*(O2/(O2+ks))
  anoxicmin = Min*(1-O2/(O2+ks))* SO4/(SO4+ks2)

  dOM  = Flux - oxicmin - anoxicmin
  dO2  = -oxicmin      -2*rox*HS*(O2/(O2+ks)) + D*(BO2-O2)
  dSO4 = -0.5*anoxicmin  +rox*HS*(O2/(O2+ks)) + D*(BSO4-SO4)
  dHS  = 0.5*anoxicmin   -rox*HS*(O2/(O2+ks)) + D*(BHS-HS)

  list(c(dOM, dO2, dSO4, dHS), SumS = SO4+HS)
})
}

# parameter values
pars <- c(D = 1, Flux = 100, r = 0.1, rox = 1,
          ks = 1, ks2 = 1, BO2 = 100, BSO4 = 10000, BHS = 0)
# initial conditions
y<-c(OM = 1, O2 = 1, SO4 = 1, HS = 1)

# direct iteration  - enforces  positivitiy..
ST <- stode(y = y, func = model, parms = pars, pos = TRUE)

ST

## =======================================================================
## Example 2. 1000 simultaneous equations
## =======================================================================

model <- function (time, OC, parms, decay, ing) {
 # model describing organic Carbon (C) in a sediment, 
 # Upper boundary = imposed flux, lower boundary = zero-gradient
 Flux  <- v * c(OC[1] ,OC) +              # advection
          -Kz*diff(c(OC[1],OC,OC[N]))/dx  # diffusion;
 Flux[1]<- flux     # imposed flux
 
 # Rate of change= Flux gradient and first-order consumption
 dOC   <- -diff(Flux)/dx - decay*OC

 # Fraction of OC in first 5 layers is translocated to mean depth
 dOC[1:5]  <- dOC[1:5] - ing*OC[1:5]
 dOC[N/2]  <- dOC[N/2] + ing*sum(OC[1:5])
 list(dOC)
}

v    <- 0.1    # cm/yr
flux <- 10
dx   <- 0.01
N    <- 1000 
dist <- seq(dx/2,by=dx,len=N)
Kz   <- 1  #bioturbation (diffusion), cm2/yr
print( system.time(
ss   <- stode(runif(N), func = model, parms = NULL, positive = TRUE, 
              decay = 5, ing = 20)))

plot(ss$y[1:N], dist, ylim = rev(range(dist)), type = "l", lwd = 2,
     xlab = "Nonlocal exchange", ylab = "sediment depth",
     main = "stode, full jacobian")

## =======================================================================
## Example 3. Solving a system of linear equations
## =======================================================================

# this example is included to demonstrate how to use the "jactype" option.
# (and that stode is quite efficient).

A <- matrix(nrow = 500, ncol = 500, runif(500*500))
B <- 1:500

# this is how one would solve this in R
print(system.time(X1 <- solve(A, B)))

# to use stode:
# 1. create a function that receives the current estimate of x
# and that returns the difference A%*%x-b, as a list:

fun <- function (t, x, p)  # t and p are dummies here...
  list(A%*%x-B)

# 2. jfun returns the Jacobian: here this equals "A"
jfun <- function (t, x, p) # all input parameters are dummies
  A

# 3. solve with jactype="fullusr" (a full Jacobian, specified by user)
print (system.time(
  X <- stode(y = 1:500, func = fun, jactype = "fullusr", jacfunc = jfun)
  ))

# the results are the same (within precision)
sum((X1-X$y)^2)
# }