base (version 3.6.0)

sys.parent: Functions to Access the Function Call Stack

Description

These functions provide access to environments (‘frames’ in S terminology) associated with functions further up the calling stack.

Usage

sys.call(which = 0)
sys.frame(which = 0)
sys.nframe()
sys.function(which = 0)
sys.parent(n = 1)
sys.calls()
sys.frames()
sys.parents()
sys.on.exit()
sys.status()
parent.frame(n = 1)

Arguments

which

the frame number if non-negative, the number of frames to go back if negative.

n

the number of generations to go back. (See the ‘Details’ section.)

Value

sys.call returns a call, sys.function a function definition, and sys.frame and parent.frame return an environment.

For the other functions, see the ‘Details’ section.

Details

.GlobalEnv is given number 0 in the list of frames. Each subsequent function evaluation increases the frame stack by 1 and the call, function definition and the environment for evaluation of that function are returned by sys.call, sys.function and sys.frame with the appropriate index.

sys.call, sys.frame and sys.function accept integer values for the argument which. Non-negative values of which are frame numbers whereas negative values are counted back from the frame number of the current evaluation.

The parent frame of a function evaluation is the environment in which the function was called. It is not necessarily numbered one less than the frame number of the current evaluation, nor is it the environment within which the function was defined. sys.parent returns the number of the parent frame if n is 1 (the default), the grandparent if n is 2, and so on. See also the ‘Note’.

sys.nframe returns an integer, the number of the current frame as described in the first paragraph.

sys.calls and sys.frames give a pairlist of all the active calls and frames, respectively, and sys.parents returns an integer vector of indices of the parent frames of each of those frames.

Notice that even though the sys.xxx functions (except sys.status) are interpreted, their contexts are not counted nor are they reported. There is no access to them.

sys.status() returns a list with components sys.calls, sys.parents and sys.frames, the results of calls to those three functions (which this will include the call to sys.status: see the first example).

sys.on.exit() returns the expression stored for use by on.exit in the function currently being evaluated. (Note that this differs from S, which returns a list of expressions for the current frame and its parents.)

parent.frame(n) is a convenient shorthand for sys.frame(sys.parent(n)) (implemented slightly more efficiently).

References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. (Not parent.frame.)

See Also

eval for a usage of sys.frame and parent.frame.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
require(utils)

## Note: the first two examples will give different results
## if run by example().
ff <- function(x) gg(x)
gg <- function(y) sys.status()
str(ff(1))

gg <- function(y) {
    ggg <- function() {
        cat("current frame is", sys.nframe(), "\n")
        cat("parents are", sys.parents(), "\n")
        print(sys.function(0)) # ggg
        print(sys.function(2)) # gg
    }
    if(y > 0) gg(y-1) else ggg()
}
gg(3)

t1 <- function() {
  aa <- "here"
  t2 <- function() {
    ## in frame 2 here
    cat("current frame is", sys.nframe(), "\n")
    str(sys.calls()) ## list with two components t1() and t2()
    cat("parents are frame numbers", sys.parents(), "\n") ## 0 1
    print(ls(envir = sys.frame(-1))) ## [1] "aa" "t2"
    invisible()
  }
  t2()
}
t1()

test.sys.on.exit <- function() {
  on.exit(print(1))
  ex <- sys.on.exit()
  str(ex)
  cat("exiting...\n")
}
test.sys.on.exit()
## gives 'language print(1)', prints 1 on exit

## An example where the parent is not the next frame up the stack
## since method dispatch uses a frame.
as.double.foo <- function(x)
{
    str(sys.calls())
    print(sys.frames())
    print(sys.parents())
    print(sys.frame(-1)); print(parent.frame())
    x
}
t2 <- function(x) as.double(x)
a <- structure(pi, class = "foo")
t2(a)
# }