R possesses a simple generic function mechanism which can be used for an object-oriented style of programming. Method dispatch takes place based on the class of the first argument to the generic function.
class(x)
class(x) <- value
unclass(x)
inherits(x, what, which = FALSE)oldClass(x)
oldClass(x) <- value
a R object
a character vector naming classes. value
can also be NULL.
logical affecting return value: see ‘Details’.
An additional mechanism of formal classes, nicknamed
“S4”, is available in package methods which is attached
by default. For objects which have a formal class, its name is
returned by class as a character vector of length one and
method dispatch can happen on several arguments, instead of
only the first. However, S3 method selection attempts to treat objects
from an S4 class as if they had the appropriate S3 class attribute, as
does inherits. Therefore, S3 methods can be defined for S4
classes. See the ‘Introduction’ and ‘Methods_for_S3’
help pages for basic information on S4 methods and for the relation
between these and S3 methods.
The replacement version of the function sets the class to the value
provided. For classes that have a formal definition, directly
replacing the class this way is strongly deprecated. The expression
as(object, value) is the way to coerce an object to a
particular class.
The analogue of inherits for formal classes is
is. The two functions behave consistently
with one exception: S4 classes can have conditional
inheritance, with an explicit test. In this case, is will
test the condition, but inherits ignores all conditional
superclasses.
Here, we describe the so called “S3” classes (and methods). For “S4” classes (and methods), see ‘Formal classes’ below.
Many R objects have a class attribute, a character vector
giving the names of the classes from which the object inherits.
(Functions oldClass and oldClass<- get and set the
attribute, which can also be done directly.)
If the object does not have a class attribute, it has an implicit
class, notably "matrix", "array", "function" or
"numeric" or the result of
typeof(x) (which is similar to mode(x)),
but for type "language" and mode "call",
where the following extra classes exist for the corresponding function
calls:
if, while, for, =, <-, (,
{, call.
Note that NULL objects cannot have attributes (hence not
classes) and attempting to assign a class is an error.
When a generic function fun is applied to an object with class
attribute c("first", "second"), the system searches for a
function called fun.first and, if it finds it, applies it to
the object. If no such function is found, a function called
fun.second is tried. If no class name produces a suitable
function, the function fun.default is used (if it exists). If
there is no class attribute, the implicit class is tried, then the
default method.
The function class prints the vector of names of classes an
object inherits from. Correspondingly, class<- sets the
classes an object inherits from. Assigning NULL removes the
class attribute.
unclass returns (a copy of) its argument with its class
attribute removed. (It is not allowed for objects which cannot be
copied, namely environments and external pointers.)
inherits indicates whether its first argument inherits from any
of the classes specified in the what argument. If which
is TRUE then an integer vector of the same length as
what is returned. Each element indicates the position in the
class(x) matched by the element of what; zero indicates
no match. If which is FALSE then TRUE is
returned by inherits if any of the names in what match
with any class.
All but inherits are primitive functions.
# NOT RUN {
x <- 10
class(x) # "numeric"
oldClass(x) # NULL
inherits(x, "a") #FALSE
class(x) <- c("a", "b")
inherits(x,"a") #TRUE
inherits(x, "a", TRUE) # 1
inherits(x, c("a", "b", "c"), TRUE) # 1 2 0
class( quote(pi) ) # "name"
## regular calls
class( quote(sin(pi*x)) ) # "call"
## special calls
class( quote(x <- 1) ) # "<-"
class( quote((1 < 2)) ) # "("
class( quote( if(8<3) pi ) ) # "if"
# }
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