DescTools (version 0.99.43)

Lambda: Goodman Kruskal Lambda

Description

Calculate symmetric and asymmetric Goodman Kruskal lambda and their confidence intervals. Lamdba is a measure of proportional reduction in error in cross tabulation analysis. For any sample with a nominal independent variable and dependent variable (or ones that can be treated nominally), it indicates the extent to which the modal categories and frequencies for each value of the independent variable differ from the overall modal category and frequency, i.e. for all values of the independent variable together

Usage

Lambda(x, y = NULL, direction = c("symmetric", "row", "column"), conf.level = NA, ...)

Arguments

x

a numeric vector, a matrix or a table.

y

NULL (default) or a vector with compatible dimensions to x. If y is provided, table(x, y, ...) is calculated.

direction

type of lambda. Can be one out of "symmetric" (default), "row", "column" (abbreviations are allowed). If direction is set to "row" then Lambda(R|C) (column dependent) will be reported. See details.

conf.level

confidence level for the returned confidence interval, restricted to lie between 0 and 1.

…

further arguments are passed to the function table, allowing i.e. to set useNA = c("no", "ifany", "always").

Value

if no confidence intervals are requested: the estimate as numeric value else a named numeric vector with 3 elements

lambda

estimate

lwr.ci

lower confidence interval

upr.ci

upper confidence interval

Details

Asymmetric lambda is interpreted as the probable improvement in predicting the column variable Y given knowledge of the row variable X. The nondirectional lambda is the average of the two asymmetric lambdas, Lambda(C|R) and Lambda(R|C). Lambda (asymmetric and symmetric) has a scale ranging from 0 to 1.

Data can be passed to the function either as matrix or data.frame in x, or as two numeric vectors x and y. In the latter case table(x, y, ...) is calculated. Thus NAs are handled the same way as table does. Note that tables are by default calculated without NAs (which breaks the package's law to in general not omit NAs silently). The specific argument useNA can be passed via the ... argument. PairApply can be used to calculate pairwise lambdas.

References

Agresti, A. (2002) Categorical Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons

Goodman, L. A., Kruskal W. H. (1979) Measures of Association for Cross Classifications. New York: Springer-Verlag (contains articles appearing in J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. in 1954, 1959, 1963, 1972). http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/feda/papers/goodmankruskal1.pdf (might be outdated)

Liebetrau, A. M. (1983) Measures of Association, Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-004. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 17--24

See Also

GoodmanKruskalTau, GoodmanKruskalGamma, KendallTauA, KendallTauB, StuartTauC, SomersDelta, cor

Examples

# NOT RUN {
# example from Goodman Kruskal (1954)
m <- as.table(cbind(c(1768,946,115), c(807,1387,438), c(189,746,288), c(47,53,16)))
dimnames(m) <- list(paste("A", 1:3), paste("B", 1:4))
m

# direction default is "symmetric"
Lambda(m)
Lambda(m, conf.level=0.95)

Lambda(m, direction="row")
Lambda(m, direction="column")
# }