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EnvStats (version 2.3.1)

rosnerTest: Rosner's Test for Outliers

Description

Perform Rosner's generalized extreme Studentized deviate test for up to \(k\) potential outliers in a dataset, assuming the data without any outliers come from a normal (Gaussian) distribution.

Usage

rosnerTest(x, k = 3, alpha = 0.05, warn = TRUE)

Arguments

x

numeric vector of observations. Missing (NA), undefined (NaN), and infinite (Inf, -Inf) values are allowed but will be removed. There must be at least 10 non-missing, finite observations in x.

k

positive integer indicating the number of suspected outliers. The argument k must be between 1 and \(n-2\) where \(n\) denotes the number of non-missing, finite values in the arguemnt x. The default value is k=3.

alpha

numeric scalar between 0 and 1 indicating the Type I error associated with the test of hypothesis. The default value is alpha=0.05.

warn

logical scalar indicating whether to issue a warning (warn=TRUE; the default) when the number of non-missing, finite values in x and the value of k are such that the assumed Type I error level might not be maintained. See the DETAILS section below.

Value

A list of class "gofOutlier" containing the results of the hypothesis test. See the help file for gofOutlier.object for details.

Details

Let \(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n\) denote the \(n\) observations. We assume that \(n-k\) of these observations come from the same normal (Gaussian) distribution, and that the \(k\) most “extreme” observations may or may not represent observations from a different distribution. Let \(x^{*}_1, x^{*}_2, \ldots, x^{*}_{n-i}\) denote the \(n-i\) observations left after omiting the \(i\) most extreme observations, where \(i = 0, 1, \ldots, k-1\). Let \(\bar{x}^{(i)}\) and \(s^{(i)}\) denote the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the \(n-i\) observations in the data that remain after removing the \(i\) most extreme observations. Thus, \(\bar{x}^{(0)}\) and \(s^{(0)}\) denote the mean and standard deviation for the full sample, and in general $$\bar{x}^{(i)} = \frac{1}{n-i}\sum_{j=1}^{n-i} x^{*}_j \;\;\;\;\;\; (1)$$ $$s^{(i)} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n-i-1} \sum_{j=1}^{n-i} (x^{*}_j - \bar{x}^{(i)})^2} \;\;\;\;\;\; (2)$$

For a specified value of \(i\), the most extreme observation \(x^{(i)}\) is the one that is the greatest distance from the mean for that data set, i.e., $$x^{(i)} = \max_{j=1,2,\ldots,n-i} |x^{*}_j - \bar{x}^{(i)}| \;\;\;\;\;\; (3)$$ Thus, an extreme observation may be the smallest or the largest one in that data set.

Rosner's test is based on the \(k\) statistics \(R_1, R_2, \ldots, R_k\), which represent the extreme Studentized deviates computed from successively reduced samples of size \(n, n-1, \ldots, n-k+1\): $$R_{i+1} = \frac{|x^{(i)} - \bar{x}^{(i)}|}{s^{(i)}} \;\;\;\;\;\; (4)$$ Critical values for \(R_{i+1}\) are denoted \(\lambda_{i+1}\) and are computed as: $$\lambda_{i+1} = \frac{t_{p, n-i-2} (n-i-1)}{\sqrt{(n-i-2 + t_{p, n-i-2}) (n-i)}} \;\;\;\;\;\; (5)$$ where \(t_{p, \nu}\) denotes the \(p\)'th quantile of Student's t-distribution with \(\nu\) degrees of freedom, and in this case $$p = 1 - \frac{\alpha/2}{n - i} \;\;\;\;\;\; (6)$$ where \(\alpha\) denotes the Type I error level.

The algorithm for determining the number of outliers is as follows:

  1. Compare \(R_k\) with \(\lambda_k\). If \(R_k > \lambda_k\) then conclude the \(k\) most extreme values are outliers.

  2. If \(R_k \le \lambda_k\) then compare \(R_{k-1}\) with \(\lambda_{k-1}\). If \(R_{k-1} > \lambda_{k-1}\) then conclude the \(k-1\) most extreme values are outliers.

  3. Continue in this fashion until a certain number of outliers have been identified or Rosner's test finds no outliers at all.

Based on a study using N=1,000 simulations, Rosner's (1983) Table 1 shows the estimated true Type I error of declaring at least one outlier when none exists for various sample sizes \(n\) ranging from 10 to 100, and the declared maximum number of outliers \(k\) ranging from 1 to 10. Based on that table, Roser (1983) declared that for an assumed Type I error level of 0.05, as long as \(n \ge 25\), the estimated \(\alpha\) levels are quite close to 0.05, and that similar results were obtained assuming a Type I error level of 0.01. However, the table below is an expanded version of Rosner's (1983) Table 1 and shows results based on N=10,000 simulations. You can see that for an assumed Type I error of 0.05, the test maintains the Type I error fairly well for sample sizes as small as \(n = 3\) as long as \(k = 1\), and for \(n \ge 15\), as long as \(k \le 2\). Also, for an assumed Type I error of 0.01, the test maintains the Type I error fairly well for sample sizes as small as \(n = 15\) as long as \(k \le 7\).

Based on these results, when warn=TRUE, a warning is issued for the following cases indicating that the assumed Type I error may not be correct:

  • alpha is greater than 0.01, the sample size is less than 15, and k is greater than 1.

  • alpha is greater than 0.01, the sample size is at least 15 and less than 25, and k is greater than 2.

  • alpha is less than or equal to 0.01, the sample size is less than 15, and k is greater than 1.

  • k is greater than 10, or greater than the floor of half of the sample size (i.e., greater than the greatest integer less than or equal to half of the sample size). A warning is given for this case because simulations have not been done for this case.

Table 1a. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, \(n =\) 3 to 5.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
3 1 0.047 0.043 0.051 0.009 0.007 0.01
4 1 0.049 0.045 0.053 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.107 0.101 0.113 0.021 0.018 0.024
5 1 0.048 0.044 0.053 0.008 0.006 0.009

Table 1b. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, \(n =\) 6 to 10.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
6 1 0.048 0.044 0.053 0.010 0.009 0.012
2 0.085 0.080 0.091 0.017 0.015 0.020
3 0.141 0.134 0.148 0.028 0.025 0.031
7 1 0.048 0.044 0.053 0.013 0.011 0.015
2 0.080 0.075 0.086 0.017 0.015 0.020
3 0.112 0.106 0.118 0.022 0.019 0.025
8 1 0.048 0.044 0.053 0.011 0.009 0.013
2 0.080 0.074 0.085 0.017 0.014 0.019
3 0.102 0.096 0.108 0.020 0.017 0.023
4 0.143 0.136 0.150 0.028 0.025 0.031
9 1 0.052 0.048 0.057 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.069 0.064 0.074 0.014 0.012 0.016
3 0.097 0.091 0.103 0.018 0.015 0.021
4 0.120 0.114 0.126 0.024 0.021 0.027
10 1 0.051 0.047 0.056 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.068 0.063 0.073 0.012 0.010 0.014
3 0.085 0.080 0.091 0.015 0.013 0.017
4 0.106 0.100 0.112 0.021 0.018 0.024

Table 1c. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, \(n =\) 11 to 15.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
11 1 0.052 0.048 0.056 0.012 0.010 0.014
2 0.070 0.065 0.075 0.014 0.012 0.017
3 0.082 0.077 0.088 0.014 0.011 0.016
4 0.101 0.095 0.107 0.019 0.016 0.021
5 0.116 0.110 0.123 0.022 0.019 0.024
12 1 0.052 0.047 0.056 0.011 0.009 0.013
2 0.067 0.062 0.072 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.074 0.069 0.080 0.016 0.013 0.018
4 0.088 0.082 0.093 0.016 0.014 0.019
5 0.099 0.093 0.105 0.016 0.013 0.018
6 0.117 0.111 0.123 0.021 0.018 0.023
13 1 0.048 0.044 0.052 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.064 0.059 0.069 0.014 0.012 0.016
3 0.070 0.065 0.075 0.013 0.011 0.015
4 0.079 0.074 0.084 0.014 0.012 0.017
5 0.088 0.083 0.094 0.015 0.013 0.018
6 0.109 0.103 0.115 0.020 0.017 0.022
14 1 0.046 0.042 0.051 0.009 0.007 0.011
2 0.062 0.057 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014
3 0.069 0.064 0.074 0.012 0.010 0.014
4 0.077 0.072 0.082 0.015 0.013 0.018
5 0.084 0.079 0.090 0.016 0.013 0.018
6 0.091 0.085 0.097 0.017 0.014 0.019
7 0.107 0.101 0.113 0.018 0.016 0.021
15 1 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.010 0.008 0.012
3 0.065 0.060 0.069 0.013 0.011 0.016
4 0.073 0.068 0.078 0.014 0.011 0.016
5 0.074 0.069 0.079 0.012 0.010 0.014
6 0.086 0.081 0.092 0.015 0.013 0.017

Table 1d. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, \(n =\) 16 to 20.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
16 1 0.052 0.048 0.057 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.055 0.051 0.059 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.068 0.063 0.073 0.011 0.009 0.013
4 0.074 0.069 0.079 0.015 0.013 0.017
5 0.077 0.072 0.082 0.015 0.013 0.018
6 0.075 0.070 0.080 0.013 0.011 0.016
7 0.087 0.082 0.093 0.017 0.014 0.020
8 0.096 0.090 0.101 0.016 0.014 0.019
17 1 0.047 0.043 0.051 0.008 0.007 0.010
2 0.059 0.054 0.063 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.062 0.057 0.067 0.012 0.010 0.014
4 0.070 0.065 0.075 0.012 0.009 0.014
5 0.069 0.064 0.074 0.012 0.010 0.015
6 0.071 0.066 0.076 0.015 0.012 0.017
7 0.081 0.076 0.087 0.014 0.012 0.016
8 0.083 0.078 0.088 0.015 0.013 0.017
18 1 0.051 0.047 0.055 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.012 0.010 0.014
3 0.065 0.060 0.070 0.012 0.010 0.015
4 0.065 0.060 0.070 0.013 0.011 0.015
5 0.069 0.064 0.074 0.012 0.010 0.014
6 0.068 0.063 0.073 0.014 0.011 0.016
7 0.072 0.067 0.077 0.014 0.011 0.016
8 0.076 0.071 0.081 0.012 0.010 0.014
9 0.081 0.076 0.086 0.012 0.010 0.014
19 1 0.051 0.046 0.055 0.008 0.006 0.010
2 0.059 0.055 0.064 0.012 0.010 0.014
3 0.059 0.054 0.064 0.011 0.009 0.013
4 0.061 0.057 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014
5 0.067 0.062 0.072 0.013 0.010 0.015
6 0.066 0.061 0.071 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.069 0.064 0.074 0.013 0.011 0.015
8 0.074 0.069 0.079 0.012 0.010 0.014
9 0.082 0.077 0.087 0.015 0.013 0.018
20 1 0.053 0.048 0.057 0.011 0.009 0.013
2 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
3 0.060 0.056 0.065 0.009 0.007 0.011
4 0.063 0.058 0.068 0.012 0.010 0.014
5 0.063 0.059 0.068 0.014 0.011 0.016
6 0.063 0.058 0.067 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.065 0.061 0.070 0.011 0.009 0.013
8 0.070 0.065 0.076 0.012 0.010 0.014
9 0.076 0.070 0.081 0.013 0.011 0.015

Table 1e. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, \(n =\) 21 to 25.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
21 1 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.013 0.011 0.015
2 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.012 0.010 0.014
3 0.058 0.054 0.063 0.012 0.010 0.014
4 0.058 0.054 0.063 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.064 0.059 0.069 0.013 0.011 0.016
6 0.066 0.061 0.071 0.012 0.010 0.015
7 0.063 0.058 0.068 0.013 0.011 0.015
8 0.066 0.061 0.071 0.010 0.008 0.012
9 0.073 0.068 0.078 0.013 0.011 0.015
10 0.071 0.066 0.076 0.012 0.010 0.014
22 1 0.047 0.042 0.051 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.015
3 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
4 0.059 0.055 0.064 0.012 0.010 0.014
5 0.061 0.057 0.066 0.009 0.008 0.011
6 0.063 0.058 0.068 0.013 0.010 0.015
7 0.065 0.060 0.070 0.013 0.010 0.015
8 0.065 0.060 0.070 0.014 0.012 0.016
9 0.065 0.060 0.070 0.012 0.010 0.014
10 0.067 0.062 0.072 0.012 0.009 0.014
23 1 0.051 0.047 0.056 0.008 0.007 0.010
2 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.009 0.012
3 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
4 0.062 0.057 0.066 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.061 0.056 0.065 0.010 0.009 0.012
6 0.060 0.055 0.064 0.012 0.010 0.014
7 0.062 0.057 0.066 0.011 0.009 0.013
8 0.063 0.058 0.068 0.012 0.010 0.014
9 0.066 0.061 0.071 0.012 0.010 0.014
10 0.068 0.063 0.073 0.014 0.012 0.017
24 1 0.051 0.046 0.055 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.010 0.008 0.012
4 0.060 0.056 0.065 0.013 0.011 0.015
5 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.014
6 0.065 0.060 0.069 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.062 0.057 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014
8 0.060 0.055 0.065 0.012 0.010 0.014
9 0.066 0.061 0.071 0.012 0.010 0.014
10 0.064 0.059 0.068 0.012 0.010 0.015
25 1 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.012 0.009 0.014
2 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
3 0.057 0.052 0.062 0.011 0.009 0.013
4 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.060 0.055 0.065 0.012 0.010 0.014
6 0.060 0.055 0.064 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.057 0.052 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
8 0.062 0.058 0.067 0.011 0.009 0.013
9 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.014

Table 1f. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, \(n =\) 26 to 30.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
26 1 0.051 0.047 0.055 0.012 0.010 0.014
2 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.013 0.011 0.015
3 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.012 0.010 0.014
4 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.058 0.054 0.063 0.011 0.009 0.013
6 0.061 0.056 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014
7 0.059 0.054 0.064 0.011 0.009 0.013
8 0.060 0.056 0.065 0.010 0.008 0.012
9 0.060 0.056 0.065 0.011 0.009 0.013
10 0.061 0.056 0.065 0.011 0.009 0.013
27 1 0.050 0.046 0.054 0.009 0.007 0.011
2 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.062 0.057 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014
4 0.063 0.058 0.068 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.051 0.047 0.055 0.010 0.008 0.012
6 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.060 0.056 0.065 0.010 0.008 0.012
8 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
9 0.061 0.056 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014
10 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.008 0.006 0.010
28 1 0.049 0.045 0.053 0.010 0.008 0.011
2 0.057 0.052 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.012 0.009 0.014
4 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.010 0.008 0.012
6 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
7 0.057 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
8 0.058 0.054 0.063 0.011 0.009 0.013
9 0.054 0.050 0.058 0.011 0.009 0.013
10 0.062 0.057 0.067 0.011 0.009 0.013
29 1 0.049 0.045 0.053 0.011 0.009 0.013
2 0.053 0.048 0.057 0.010 0.008 0.012
3 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.009 0.012
4 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
6 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.014
7 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
8 0.057 0.052 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
9 0.056 0.051 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
10 0.057 0.052 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
30 1 0.050 0.046 0.054 0.009 0.007 0.011
2 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.012 0.010 0.015
4 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.058 0.053 0.063 0.012 0.010 0.014
6 0.062 0.058 0.067 0.012 0.010 0.014
7 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.012 0.010 0.014
8 0.059 0.054 0.064 0.011 0.009 0.013
9 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.009 0.012

Table 1g. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, n = 31 to 35.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
31 1 0.051 0.047 0.056 0.009 0.007 0.011
2 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.009 0.012
3 0.053 0.049 0.058 0.010 0.008 0.012
4 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.053 0.049 0.057 0.011 0.009 0.013
6 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
7 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.012 0.010 0.014
8 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
9 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.011 0.009 0.013
10 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.011 0.009 0.013
32 1 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
3 0.052 0.047 0.056 0.009 0.007 0.011
4 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
6 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
8 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.010 0.008 0.012
9 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.014
10 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
33 1 0.051 0.046 0.055 0.011 0.009 0.013
2 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
4 0.052 0.048 0.057 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
6 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.011 0.009 0.013
7 0.057 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
8 0.058 0.054 0.063 0.011 0.009 0.013
9 0.057 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.014
10 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
34 1 0.052 0.048 0.056 0.009 0.007 0.011
2 0.053 0.049 0.058 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.012 0.010 0.014
4 0.056 0.052 0.061 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.053 0.048 0.057 0.009 0.007 0.011
6 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.008 0.012
7 0.052 0.048 0.057 0.012 0.010 0.014
8 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.009 0.008 0.011
9 0.055 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
10 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.010 0.008 0.012
35 1 0.051 0.046 0.055 0.010 0.009 0.012
2 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.010 0.009 0.012
3 0.055 0.050 0.059 0.010 0.009 0.012
4 0.053 0.048 0.057 0.011 0.009 0.013
5 0.056 0.051 0.061 0.011 0.009 0.013
6 0.055 0.051 0.059 0.012 0.010 0.014
7 0.054 0.050 0.059 0.011 0.009 0.013
8 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.011 0.009 0.013
9 0.061 0.056 0.066 0.012 0.010 0.014

Table 1h. Observed Type I Error Levels based on 10,000 Simulations, n = 36 to 40.

Assumed \(\alpha=0.05\) Assumed \(\alpha=0.01\)
\(n\) \(k\) \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL \(\hat{\alpha}\) 95% LCL 95% UCL
36 1 0.047 0.043 0.051 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.058 0.053 0.062 0.012 0.010 0.015
3 0.052 0.047 0.056 0.009 0.007 0.011
4 0.052 0.048 0.056 0.012 0.010 0.014
5 0.052 0.048 0.057 0.010 0.008 0.012
6 0.055 0.051 0.059 0.012 0.010 0.014
7 0.053 0.048 0.057 0.011 0.009 0.013
8 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.012 0.010 0.014
9 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
10 0.056 0.051 0.060 0.011 0.009 0.013
37 1 0.050 0.046 0.055 0.010 0.008 0.012
2 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.011 0.009 0.013
3 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.011 0.009 0.013
4 0.054 0.050 0.058 0.010 0.008 0.012
5 0.054 0.049 0.058 0.010 0.008 0.012
6 0.054 0.050 0.058 0.011

References

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Gilbert, R.O. (1987). Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, pp.188--191.

McBean, E.A, and F.A. Rovers. (1992). Estimation of the Probability of Exceedance of Contaminant Concentrations. Ground Water Monitoring Review Winter, pp. 115--119.

McNutt, M. (2014). Raising the Bar. Science 345(6192), p. 9.

Rosner, B. (1975). On the Detection of Many Outliers. Technometrics 17, 221--227.

Rosner, B. (1983). Percentage Points for a Generalized ESD Many-Outlier Procedure. Technometrics 25, 165--172.

USEPA. (2006). Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewer's Guide. EPA QA/G-9R. EPA/240/B-06/002, February 2006. Office of Environmental Information, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

USEPA. (2009). Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities, Unified Guidance. EPA 530/R-09-007, March 2009. Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery Program Implementation and Information Division. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., pp. 12-10 to 12-14.

USEPA. (2013a). ProUCL Version 5.0.00 Technical Guide. EPA/600/R-07/041, September 2013. Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., pp. 190--195.

USEPA. (2013b). ProUCL Version 5.0.00 User Guide. EPA/600/R-07/041, September 2013. Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., pp. 190--195.

See Also

gofTest, gofOutlier.object, print.gofOutlier, Normal, qqPlot.

Examples

Run this code
# NOT RUN {
  # Combine 30 observations from a normal distribution with mean 3 and 
  # standard deviation 2, with 3 observations from a normal distribution 
  # with mean 10 and standard deviation 1, then run Rosner's Test on these 
  # data, specifying k=4 potential outliers based on looking at the 
  # normal Q-Q plot. 
  # (Note: the call to set.seed simply allows you to reproduce 
  # this example.)

  set.seed(250) 

  dat <- c(rnorm(30, mean = 3, sd = 2), rnorm(3, mean = 10, sd = 1)) 

  dev.new()
  qqPlot(dat)

  rosnerTest(dat, k = 4)

  #Results of Outlier Test
  #-------------------------
  #
  #Test Method:                     Rosner's Test for Outliers
  #
  #Hypothesized Distribution:       Normal
  #
  #Data:                            dat
  #
  #Sample Size:                     33
  #
  #Test Statistics:                 R.1 = 2.848514
  #                                 R.2 = 3.086875
  #                                 R.3 = 3.033044
  #                                 R.4 = 2.380235
  #
  #Test Statistic Parameter:        k = 4
  #
  #Alternative Hypothesis:          Up to 4 observations are not
  #                                 from the same Distribution.
  #
  #Type I Error:                    5%
  #
  #Number of Outliers Detected:     3
  #
  #  i   Mean.i     SD.i      Value Obs.Num    R.i+1 lambda.i+1 Outlier
  #1 0 3.549744 2.531011 10.7593656      33 2.848514   2.951949    TRUE
  #2 1 3.324444 2.209872 10.1460427      31 3.086875   2.938048    TRUE
  #3 2 3.104392 1.856109  8.7340527      32 3.033044   2.923571    TRUE
  #4 3 2.916737 1.560335 -0.7972275      25 2.380235   2.908473   FALSE

  #----------
  # Clean up

  rm(dat)
  graphics.off()

  #--------------------------------------------------------------------

  # Example 12-4 of USEPA (2009, page 12-12) gives an example of 
  # using Rosner's test to test for outliers in napthalene measurements (ppb)
  # taken at 5 background wells over 5 quarters.  The data for this example 
  # are stored in EPA.09.Ex.12.4.naphthalene.df.

  EPA.09.Ex.12.4.naphthalene.df
  #   Quarter Well Naphthalene.ppb
  #1        1 BW.1            3.34
  #2        2 BW.1            5.39
  #3        3 BW.1            5.74
  # ...
  #23       3 BW.5            5.53
  #24       4 BW.5            4.42
  #25       5 BW.5           35.45

  longToWide(EPA.09.Ex.12.4.naphthalene.df, "Naphthalene.ppb", "Quarter", "Well", 
    paste.row.name = TRUE)
  #          BW.1 BW.2  BW.3 BW.4  BW.5
  #Quarter.1 3.34 5.59  1.91 6.12  8.64
  #Quarter.2 5.39 5.96  1.74 6.05  5.34
  #Quarter.3 5.74 1.47 23.23 5.18  5.53
  #Quarter.4 6.88 2.57  1.82 4.43  4.42
  #Quarter.5 5.85 5.39  2.02 1.00 35.45


  # Look at Q-Q plots for both the raw and log-transformed data
  #------------------------------------------------------------

  dev.new()
  with(EPA.09.Ex.12.4.naphthalene.df, 
    qqPlot(Naphthalene.ppb, add.line = TRUE, 
      main = "Figure 12-6.  Naphthalene Probability Plot"))

  dev.new()
  with(EPA.09.Ex.12.4.naphthalene.df, 
    qqPlot(Naphthalene.ppb, dist = "lnorm", add.line = TRUE, 
      main = "Figure 12-7.  Log Naphthalene Probability Plot"))


  # Test for 2 potential outliers on the original scale:
  #-----------------------------------------------------

  with(EPA.09.Ex.12.4.naphthalene.df, rosnerTest(Naphthalene.ppb, k = 2))

  #Results of Outlier Test
  #-------------------------
  #
  #Test Method:                     Rosner's Test for Outliers
  #
  #Hypothesized Distribution:       Normal
  #
  #Data:                            Naphthalene.ppb
  #
  #Sample Size:                     25
  #
  #Test Statistics:                 R.1 = 3.930957
  #                                 R.2 = 4.160223
  #
  #Test Statistic Parameter:        k = 2
  #
  #Alternative Hypothesis:          Up to 2 observations are not
  #                                 from the same Distribution.
  #
  #Type I Error:                    5%
  #
  #Number of Outliers Detected:     2
  #
  #  i  Mean.i     SD.i Value Obs.Num    R.i+1 lambda.i+1 Outlier
  #1 0 6.44240 7.379271 35.45      25 3.930957   2.821681    TRUE
  #2 1 5.23375 4.325790 23.23      13 4.160223   2.801551    TRUE

  #----------
  # Clean up

  graphics.off()
# }

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