EnvStats (version 2.7.0)

ZeroModifiedNormal: The Zero-Modified Normal Distribution

Description

Density, distribution function, quantile function, and random generation for the zero-modified normal distribution with parameters mean, sd, and p.zero.

The zero-modified normal distribution is the mixture of a normal distribution with a positive probability mass at 0.

Usage

dzmnorm(x, mean = 0, sd = 1, p.zero = 0.5)
  pzmnorm(q, mean = 0, sd = 1, p.zero = 0.5)
  qzmnorm(p, mean = 0, sd = 1, p.zero = 0.5)
  rzmnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1, p.zero = 0.5)

Value

dzmnorm gives the density, pzmnorm gives the distribution function,

qzmnorm gives the quantile function, and rzmnorm generates random deviates.

Arguments

x

vector of quantiles.

q

vector of quantiles.

p

vector of probabilities between 0 and 1.

n

sample size. If length(n) is larger than 1, then length(n) random values are returned.

mean

vector of means of the normal (Gaussian) part of the distribution. The default is mean=0.

sd

vector of (positive) standard deviations of the normal (Gaussian) part of the distribution. The default is sd=1.

p.zero

vector of probabilities between 0 and 1 indicating the probability the random variable equals 0. For rzmnorm this must be a single, non-missing number.

Author

Steven P. Millard ()

Details

The zero-modified normal distribution is the mixture of a normal distribution with a positive probability mass at 0.

Let \(f(x; \mu, \sigma)\) denote the density of a normal (Gaussian) random variable \(X\) with parameters mean=\(\mu\) and sd=\(\sigma\). The density function of a zero-modified normal random variable \(Y\) with parameters mean=\(\mu\), sd=\(\sigma\), and p.zero=\(p\), denoted \(h(y; \mu, \sigma, p)\), is given by:

\(h(y; \mu, \sigma, p) =\)	\(p\)	for \(y = 0\)
	\((1 - p) f(y; \mu, \sigma)\)	for \(y \ne 0\)

Note that \(\mu\) is not the mean of the zero-modified normal distribution; it is the mean of the normal part of the distribution. Similarly, \(\sigma\) is not the standard deviation of the zero-modified normal distribution; it is the standard deviation of the normal part of the distribution.

Let \(\gamma\) and \(\delta\) denote the mean and standard deviation of the overall zero-modified normal distribution. Aitchison (1955) shows that: $$E(Y) = \gamma = (1 - p) \mu$$ $$Var(Y) = \delta^2 = (1 - p) \sigma^2 + p (1-p) \mu^2$$ Note that when p.zero=\(p\)=0, the zero-modified normal distribution simplifies to the normal distribution.

References

Aitchison, J. (1955). On the Distribution of a Positive Random Variable Having a Discrete Probability Mass at the Origin. Journal of the American Statistical Association 50, 901-908.

Gilliom, R.J., and D.R. Helsel. (1986). Estimation of Distributional Parameters for Censored Trace Level Water Quality Data: 1. Estimation Techniques. Water Resources Research 22, 135-146.

Gibbons, RD., D.K. Bhaumik, and S. Aryal. (2009). Statistical Methods for Groundwater Monitoring. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Helsel, D.R. (2012). Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, Chapter 1.

Johnson, N. L., S. Kotz, and A.W. Kemp. (1992). Univariate Discrete Distributions. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p.312.

Owen, W., and T. DeRouen. (1980). Estimation of the Mean for Lognormal Data Containing Zeros and Left-Censored Values, with Applications to the Measurement of Worker Exposure to Air Contaminants. Biometrics 36, 707-719.

USEPA (1992c). Statistical Analysis of Ground-Water Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities: Addendum to Interim Final Guidance. Office of Solid Waste, Permits and State Programs Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

USEPA. (2009). Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities, Unified Guidance. EPA 530/R-09-007, March 2009. Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery Program Implementation and Information Division. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

See Also

Zero-Modified Lognormal, Normal, ezmnorm, Probability Distributions and Random Numbers.

Examples

  # Density of the zero-modified normal distribution with parameters 
  # mean=2, sd=1, and p.zero=0.5, evaluated at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2:

  dzmnorm(seq(0, 2, by = 0.5), mean = 2) 
  #[1] 0.5000000 0.0647588 0.1209854 0.1760327 0.1994711

  #----------

  # The cdf of the zero-modified normal distribution with parameters 
  # mean=3, sd=2, and p.zero=0.1, evaluated at 4:

  pzmnorm(4, 3, 2, .1) 
  #[1] 0.7223162

  #----------

  # The median of the zero-modified normal distribution with parameters 
  # mean=3, sd=1, and p.zero=0.1:

  qzmnorm(0.5, 3, 1, 0.1) 
  #[1] 2.86029

  #----------

  # Random sample of 3 observations from the zero-modified normal distribution 
  # with parameters mean=3, sd=1, and p.zero=0.4. 
  # (Note: The call to set.seed simply allows you to reproduce this example.)

  set.seed(20) 
  rzmnorm(3, 3, 1, 0.4) 
  #[1] 0.000000 0.000000 3.073168