Fits a "floating trend" model to the given factor in a glm in a generalized linear model by centering covariates.
ftrend(object, ...)fitted lm or glm object. The model must not have an intercept term
arguments to the nlm function
A list with the following components
coefficients for model with adjusted covariates.
Variance-covariance matrix of adjusted coefficients.
ftrend() calculates "floating trend" estimates for factors in
generalized linear models. This is an alternative to treatment
contrasts suggested by Greenland et al. (1999). If a regression model
is fitted with no intercept term, then contrasts are not used for the
first factor in the model. Instead, there is one parameter for each
level of this factor. However, the interpretation of these
parameters, and their variance-covariance matrix, depends on the
numerical coding used for the covariates. If an arbitrary constant is
added to the covariate values, then the variance matrix is changed.
The ftrend() function takes the fitted model and works out an optimal
constant to add to the covariate values so that the covariance matrix is
approximately diagonal. The parameter estimates can then be treated as
approximately independent, thus simplifying their presentation. This is
particularly useful for graphical display of dose-response relationships
(hence the name).
Greenland et al. (1999) originally suggested centring the covariates so that
their weighted mean, using the fitted weights from the model, is zero. This
heuristic criterion is improved upon by ftrend() which uses the same
minimum information divergence criterion as used by Plummer (2003) for
floating variance calculations. ftrend() calls nlm() to
do the minimization and will pass optional arguments to control it.
Greenland S, Michels KB, Robins JM, Poole C and Willet WC (1999) Presenting statistical uncertainty in trends and dose-response relations, American Journal of Epidemiology, 149, 1077-1086.