This dataset represents the causal relationships amongst the four variables defined by Levins' 1996 publication in figure 2, page 804.
data(cm.levins)
A 4 by 4 (-1, 0, 1) matrix with each element having at least one parent and at least one child. The matrix is interpreted as the jth variable has the direct causal effect a[i,j] on variable i.
Levins, R. and Schultz, B. B. (1996) Effects of density dependence, feedback and environmental sensitivity on correlations among predators, prey and plant resources: Models and practical implications. Journal of Animal Ecology, 65(6),802-812. <tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2307/5678")>.
Puccia, C. J. and Levins, R. (1986) Qualitative Modeling of Complex Systems: An Introduction to Loop Analysis and Time Averaging. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.4159/harvard.9780674435070")>.