This dataset represents a subset of the causal relationships defining Dambacher's five-variable system. Specifically, it contains the first five variables of the dataset cm.dambacher
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data(submatrix)
A 5 by 5 (-1, 0, 1) matrix. The matrix is interpreted as the jth variable has the direct causal effect a[i,j] on i.
Dambacher, J. M. and Li, H. W. and Rossignol, P. A. (2002) Relevance of community structure in assessing indeterminacy of ecological predictions. Ecology, 83(5),1372--1385. <tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.2307/3071950")>.
Puccia, C. J. and Levins, R. (1986) Qualitative Modeling of Complex Systems: An Introduction to Loop Analysis and Time Averaging. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.4159/harvard.9780674435070")>.