VGAM (version 1.1-9)

smartpred: Smart Prediction

Description

Data-dependent parameters in formula terms can cause problems in when predicting. The smartpred package saves data-dependent parameters on the object so that the bug is fixed. The lm and glm functions have been fixed properly. Note that the VGAM package by T. W. Yee automatically comes with smart prediction.

Usage

sm.bs(x, df = NULL, knots = NULL, degree = 3, intercept = FALSE, 
      Boundary.knots = range(x))
sm.ns(x, df = NULL, knots = NULL, intercept = FALSE,
      Boundary.knots = range(x))
sm.poly(x, ..., degree = 1, coefs = NULL, raw = FALSE) 
sm.scale(x, center = TRUE, scale = TRUE)

Value

The usual value returned by

bs,

ns,

poly and

scale, When used with functions such as vglm

the data-dependent parameters are saved on one slot component called

smart.prediction.

Arguments

x

The x argument is actually common to them all.

df, knots, intercept, Boundary.knots

See bs and/or ns.

degree, ..., coefs, raw

See poly.

center, scale

See scale.

Side Effects

The variables .max.smart, .smart.prediction and .smart.prediction.counter are created while the model is being fitted. They are created in a new environment called smartpredenv. These variables are deleted after the model has been fitted. However, if there is an error in the model fitting function or the fitting model is killed (e.g., by typing control-C) then these variables will be left in smartpredenv. At the beginning of model fitting, these variables are deleted if present in smartpredenv.

During prediction, the variables .smart.prediction and .smart.prediction.counter are reconstructed and read by the smart functions when the model frame is re-evaluated. After prediction, these variables are deleted.

If the modelling function is used with argument smart = FALSE (e.g., vglm(..., smart = FALSE)) then smart prediction will not be used, and the results should match with the original R functions.

Author

T. W. Yee and T. J. Hastie

WARNING

The functions bs, ns, poly and scale are now left alone (from 2014-05 onwards) and no longer smart. They work via safe prediction. The smart versions of these functions have been renamed and they begin with "sm.".

The functions predict.bs and predict.ns are not smart. That is because they operate on objects that contain attributes only and do not have list components or slots. The function predict.poly is not smart.

Details

R version 1.6.0 introduced a partial fix for the prediction problem because it does not work all the time, e.g., for terms such as I(poly(x, 3)), poly(c(scale(x)), 3), bs(scale(x), 3), scale(scale(x)). See the examples below. Smart prediction, however, will always work.

The basic idea is that the functions in the formula are now smart, and the modelling functions make use of these smart functions. Smart prediction works in two ways: using smart.expression, or using a combination of put.smart and get.smart.

See Also

get.smart.prediction, get.smart, put.smart, smart.expression, smart.mode.is, setup.smart, wrapup.smart. For vgam in VGAM, sm.ps is important. Commonly used data-dependent functions include scale, poly, bs, ns. In R, the functions bs and ns are in the splines package, and this library is automatically loaded in because it contains compiled code that bs and ns call.

The functions vglm, vgam, rrvglm and cqo in T. W. Yee's VGAM package are examples of modelling functions that employ smart prediction.

Examples

# Create some data first
n <- 20
set.seed(86)  # For reproducibility of the random numbers
ldata <- data.frame(x2 = sort(runif(n)), y = sort(runif(n)))
library("splines")  # To get ns() in R

# This will work for R 1.6.0 and later
fit <- lm(y ~ ns(x2, df = 5), data = ldata)
if (FALSE) {
plot(y ~ x2, data = ldata)
lines(fitted(fit) ~ x2, data = ldata)
new.ldata <- data.frame(x2 = seq(0, 1, len = n))
points(predict(fit, new.ldata) ~ x2, new.ldata, type = "b", col = 2, err = -1)
}

# The following fails for R 1.6.x and later. It can be
# made to work with smart prediction provided
# ns is changed to sm.ns and scale is changed to sm.scale:
fit1 <- lm(y ~ ns(scale(x2), df = 5), data = ldata)
if (FALSE) {
plot(y ~ x2, data = ldata, main = "Safe prediction fails")
lines(fitted(fit1) ~ x2, data = ldata)
points(predict(fit1, new.ldata) ~ x2, new.ldata, type = "b", col = 2, err = -1)
}

# Fit the above using smart prediction
if (FALSE) {
library("VGAM")  # The following requires the VGAM package to be loaded 
fit2 <- vglm(y ~ sm.ns(sm.scale(x2), df = 5), uninormal, data = ldata)
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plot(y ~ x2, data = ldata, main = "Smart prediction")
lines(fitted(fit2) ~ x2, data = ldata)
points(predict(fit2, new.ldata, type = "response") ~ x2, data = new.ldata,
       type = "b", col = 2, err = -1)
}