adegenet (version 2.0.0)

seqTrack: SeqTrack algorithm for reconstructing genealogies

Description

The SeqTrack algorithm [1] aims at reconstructing genealogies of sampled haplotypes or genotypes for which a collection date is available. Contrary to phylogenetic methods which aims at reconstructing hypothetical ancestors for observed sequences, SeqTrack considers that ancestors and descendents are sampled together, and therefore infers ancestry relationships among the sampled sequences.

This approach proved more efficient than phylogenetic approaches for reconstructing transmission trees in densely sampled disease outbreaks [1]. This implementation defines a generic function seqTrack with methods for specific object classes.

Usage

seqTrack(...)
## S3 method for class 'matrix':
seqTrack(x, x.names, x.dates, best = c("min", "max"),
    prox.mat = NULL, mu = NULL, haplo.length = NULL, ...)
## S3 method for class 'seqTrack':
as.igraph(x, col.pal=redpal, \dots)
## S3 method for class 'seqTrack':
plot(x, y=NULL, col.pal=redpal, \dots)
plotSeqTrack(x, xy, use.arrows=TRUE, annot=TRUE, labels=NULL, col=NULL,
                         bg="grey", add=FALSE, quiet=FALSE,
                         date.range=NULL, jitter.arrows=0, plot=TRUE, ...)
get.likelihood(...)
## S3 method for class 'seqTrack':
get.likelihood(x, mu, haplo.length, \ldots)

Arguments

x

for seqTrack, a matrix giving weights to pairs of ancestries such that x[i,j] is the weight of 'i ancestor of j'. For plotSeqTrack and get.likelihood. seqTrack, a seqTrack object.

x.names

a character vector giving the labels of the haplotypes/genotypes

x.dates

a vector of collection dates for the sampled haplotypes/genotypes. Dates must have the POSIXct format. See details or ?as.POSIXct for more information.

best

a character string matching 'min' or 'max', indicating whether genealogies should minimize or maximize the sum of weights of ancestries.

prox.mat

an optional matrix of proximities between haplotypes/genotypes used to resolve ties in the choice of ancestors, by picking up the 'closest' ancestor amongst possible ancestors, in the sense of prox.mat. prox.mat[i,j]

mu

(optional) a mutation rate, per site and per day. When 'x' contains numbers of mutations, used to resolve ties using a maximum likelihood approach (requires haplo.length to be provided).

haplo.length

(optional) the length of analysed sequences in number of nucleotides. When 'x' contains numbers of mutations, used to resolve ties using a maximum likelihood approach (requires mu to be provided).

y

unused argument, for compatibility with 'plot'.

col.pal

a color palette to be used to represent weights using colors on the edges of the graph. See ?num2col. Note that the palette is inversed by default.

xy

spatial coordinates of the sampled haplotypes/genotypes.

use.arrows

a logical indicating whether arrows should be used to represented ancestries (pointing from ancestor to descendent, TRUE), or whether segments shall be used (FALSE).

annot

a logical indicating whether arrows or segments representing ancestries should be annotated (TRUE) or not (FALSE).

labels

a character vector containing annotations of the ancestries. If left empty, ancestries are annotated by the descendent.

col

a vector of colors to be used for plotting ancestries.

bg

a color to be used as background.

add

a logical stating whether the plot should be added to current figure (TRUE), or drawn as a new plot (FALSE, default).

quiet

a logical stating whether messages other than errors should be displayed (FALSE, default), or hidden (TRUE).

date.range

a vector of length two with POSIXct format indicating the time window for which ancestries should be displayed.

jitter.arrows

a positive number indicating the amount of noise to be added to coordinates of arrows; useful when several arrows overlap. See jitter.

plot

a logical stating whether a plot should be drawn (TRUE, default), or not (FALSE). In all cases, the function invisibly returns plotting information.

...

further arguments to be passed to other methods

Value

• === output of seqTrack === seqTrack function returns data.frame with the class seqTrack, in which each row is an inferred ancestry described by the following columns: - id: indices identifying haplotypes/genotypes - ances: index of the inferred ancestor - weight: weight of the inferred ancestries - date: date of the haplotype/genotype - ances.date: date of the ancestor

  === output of plotSeqTrack === This graphical function invisibly returns the coordinates of the arrows/segments drawn and their colors, as a data.frame.

Details

=== Maximum parsimony genealogies === Maximum parsimony genealogies can be obtained easily using this implementation of seqTrack. One has to provide in x a matrix of genetic distances. The most straightforward distance is the number of differing nucleotides. See dist.dna in the ape package for a wide range of genetic distances between aligned sequences. The argument best should be set to "min" (its default value), so that the identified genealogy minimizes the total number of mutations. If x contains number of mutations, then mu and haplo.length should also be provided for resolving ties in equally parsimonious ancestors using maximum likelihood.

=== Likelihood of observed genetic differentiation === The probability of oberving a given number of mutations between a sequence and its ancestor can be computed using get.likelihood.seqTrack. Note that this is only possible if x contained number of mutations.

=== Plotting/converting seqTrack objects to graphs === seqTrack objects are best plotted as graphs. From adegenet_1.3-5 onwards, seqTrack objects can be converted to igraph objects (from the package igraph), which can in turn be plotted and manipulated using classical graph tools. The plot method does this operation automatically, using colors to represent edge weights, and using time-ordering of the data from top (ancient) to bottom (recent).

References

Jombart T, Eggo R, Dodd P, Balloux F (2010) Reconstructing disease outbreaks from genetic data: a graph approach. Heredity. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2010.78.

See Also

dist.dna in the ape package to compute pairwise genetic distances in aligned sequences.

Examples

if(require(ape && require(igraph))){
## ANALYSIS OF SIMULATED DATA ##
## SIMULATE A GENEALOGY
dat <- haploGen(seq.l=1e4, repro=function(){sample(1:4,1)}, gen.time=1, t.max=3)
plot(dat, main="Simulated data")

## SEQTRACK ANALYSIS
res <- seqTrack(dat, mu=0.0001, haplo.length=1e4) 
plot(res, main="seqTrack reconstruction")

## PROPORTION OF CORRECT RECONSTRUCTION
mean(dat$ances==res$ances,na.rm=TRUE)


## ANALYSIS OF PANDEMIC A/H1N1 INFLUENZA DATA ##
## note:
## this is for reproduction purpose only
## seqTrack is best kept for the analysis
## of densely sampled outbreaks, which
## is not the case of this dataset.
## 
dat <- read.csv(system.file("files/pdH1N1-data.csv",package="adegenet"))
ha <-  read.dna(system.file("files/pdH1N1-HA.fasta",package="adegenet"), format="fa")
na <- read.dna(system.file("files/pdH1N1-NA.fasta",package="adegenet"), format="fa")


## COMPUTE NUCLEOTIDIC DISTANCES
nbNucl <- ncol(as.matrix(ha)) + ncol(as.matrix(na))
D <- dist.dna(ha,model="raw")*ncol(as.matrix(ha)) +
dist.dna(na,model="raw")*ncol(as.matrix(na))
D <- round(as.matrix(D))


## MATRIX OF SPATIAL CONNECTIVITY
## (to promote local transmissions)
xy <- cbind(dat$lon, dat$lat)
temp <- as.matrix(dist(xy))
M <- 1* (temp < 1e-10)


## SEQTRACK ANALYSIS
dat$date <- as.POSIXct(dat$date)
res <- seqTrack(D, rownames(dat), dat$date, prox.mat=M, mu=.00502/365, haplo.le=nbNucl)


## COMPUTE GENETIC LIKELIHOOD
p <- get.likelihood(res, mu=.00502/365, haplo.length=nbNucl)
# (these could be shown as colors when plotting results)
# (but mutations will be used instead)


## EXAMINE RESULTS
head(res)
tail(res)
range(res$weight, na.rm=TRUE)
barplot(table(res$weight)/sum(!is.na(res$weight)), ylab="Frequency",
xlab="Mutations between inferred ancestor and descendent", col="orange")


## DISPLAY SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS 
if(require(maps)){
myDates <- as.integer(difftime(dat$date, as.POSIXct("2009-01-21"), unit="day"))
myMonth <- as.POSIXct(
c("2009-02-01", "2009-03-01","2009-04-01","2009-05-01","2009-06-01","2009-07-01"))
x.month <-  as.integer(difftime(myMonth, as.POSIXct("2009-01-21"), unit="day"))


## FIRST STAGE:
## SPREAD TO THE USA AND CANADA
curRange <- as.POSIXct(c("2009-03-29","2009-04-25"))
par(bg="deepskyblue")
map("world", fill=TRUE, col="grey")
opal <- palette()
palette(rev(heat.colors(10)))
plotSeqTrack(res, round(xy), add=TRUE,annot=FALSE,lwd=2,date.range=curRange,
col=res$weight+1)
title(paste(curRange, collapse=" to "))
legend("bottom", lty=1, leg=0:8, title="number of mutations", col=1:9,
lwd=2, horiz=TRUE)


## SECOND STAGE:
## SPREAD WITHIN AMERICA, FIRST SEEDING OUTSIDE AMERICA
curRange <- as.POSIXct(c("2009-04-30","2009-05-07"))
par(bg="deepskyblue")
map("world", fill=TRUE, col="grey")
opal <- palette()
palette(rev(heat.colors(10)))
plotSeqTrack(res, round(xy), add=TRUE,annot=FALSE,lwd=2,
date.range=curRange, col=res$weight+1)
title(paste(curRange, collapse=" to "))
legend("bottom", lty=1, leg=0:8, title="number of mutations",
col=1:9,lwd=2, horiz=TRUE)


## THIRD STAGE:
## PANDEMIC
curRange <- as.POSIXct(c("2009-05-15","2009-05-25"))
par(bg="deepskyblue")
map("world", fill=TRUE, col="grey")
opal <- palette()
palette(rev(heat.colors(10)))
plotSeqTrack(res, round(xy), add=TRUE,annot=FALSE,lwd=2, date.range=curRange,
col=res$weight+1)
title(paste(curRange, collapse=" to "))
legend("bottom", lty=1, leg=0:8, title="number of mutations",
col=1:9,lwd=2, horiz=TRUE)

}
}