arm (version 1.14-4)

sim: Functions to Get Posterior Distributions

Description

This generic function gets posterior simulations of sigma and beta from a lm object, or simulations of beta from a glm object, or simulations of beta from a merMod object

Usage

sim(object, ...)
# S4 method for lm
sim(object, n.sims = 100)
# S4 method for glm
sim(object, n.sims = 100)
# S4 method for polr
sim(object, n.sims = 100)
# S4 method for merMod
sim(object, n.sims = 100)
# S3 method for sim
coef(object,...)
# S3 method for sim.polr
coef(object, slot=c("ALL", "coef", "zeta"),...)
# S3 method for sim.merMod
coef(object,...)
# S3 method for sim.merMod
fixef(object,...)
# S3 method for sim.merMod
ranef(object,...)
# S3 method for sim.merMod
fitted(object, regression,...)

Value

coef

matrix (dimensions n.sims x k) of n.sims random draws of coefficients.

zeta

matrix (dimensions n.sims x k) of n.sims random draws of zetas (cut points in polr).

fixef

matrix (dimensions n.sims x k) of n.sims random draws of coefficients of the fixed effects for the merMod objects. Previously, it is called unmodeled.

sigma

vector of n.sims random draws of sigma (for glm's, this just returns a vector of 1's or else of the square root of the overdispersion parameter if that is in the model)

Arguments

object

the output of a call to lm with n data points and k predictors.

slot

return which slot of sim.polr, available options are coef, zeta, ALL.

...

further arguments passed to or from other methods.

n.sims

number of independent simulation draws to create.

regression

the orginial mer model

Author

Andrew Gelman ; Yu-Sung Su ; Vincent Dorie

References

Andrew Gelman and Jennifer Hill. (2006). Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge University Press.

See Also

display, lm, glm, lmer

Examples

#Examples of "sim"
 set.seed (1)
 J <- 15
 n <- J*(J+1)/2
 group <- rep (1:J, 1:J)
 mu.a <- 5
 sigma.a <- 2
 a <- rnorm (J, mu.a, sigma.a)
 b <- -3
 x <- rnorm (n, 2, 1)
 sigma.y <- 6
 y <- rnorm (n, a[group] + b*x, sigma.y)
 u <- runif (J, 0, 3)
 y123.dat <- cbind (y, x, group)
# Linear regression
 x1 <- y123.dat[,2]
 y1 <- y123.dat[,1]
 M1 <- lm (y1 ~ x1)
 display(M1)
 M1.sim <- sim(M1)
 coef.M1.sim <- coef(M1.sim)
 sigma.M1.sim <- sigma.hat(M1.sim)
 ## to get the uncertainty for the simulated estimates
 apply(coef(M1.sim), 2, quantile)
 quantile(sigma.hat(M1.sim))

# Logistic regression
 u.data <- cbind (1:J, u)
 dimnames(u.data)[[2]] <- c("group", "u")
 u.dat <- as.data.frame (u.data)
 y <- rbinom (n, 1, invlogit (a[group] + b*x))
 M2 <- glm (y ~ x, family=binomial(link="logit"))
 display(M2)
 M2.sim <- sim (M2)
 coef.M2.sim <- coef(M2.sim)
 sigma.M2.sim <- sigma.hat(M2.sim)

# Ordered Logistic regression
house.plr <- polr(Sat ~ Infl + Type + Cont, weights = Freq, data = housing)
display(house.plr)
M.plr <- sim(house.plr)
coef.sim <- coef(M.plr, slot="coef")
zeta.sim <- coef(M.plr, slot="zeta")
coefall.sim <- coef(M.plr)

# Using lmer:
# Example 1
 E1 <- lmer (y ~ x + (1 | group))
 display(E1)
 E1.sim <- sim (E1)
 coef.E1.sim <- coef(E1.sim)
 fixef.E1.sim <- fixef(E1.sim)
 ranef.E1.sim <- ranef(E1.sim)
 sigma.E1.sim <- sigma.hat(E1.sim)
 yhat <- fitted(E1.sim, E1)

# Example 2
 u.full <- u[group]
 E2 <- lmer (y ~ x + u.full + (1 | group))
 display(E2)
 E2.sim <- sim (E2)
 coef.E2.sim <- coef(E2.sim)
 fixef.E2.sim <- fixef(E2.sim)
 ranef.E2.sim <- ranef(E2.sim)
 sigma.E2.sim <- sigma.hat(E2.sim)
 yhat <- fitted(E2.sim, E2)

# Example 3
 y <- rbinom (n, 1, invlogit (a[group] + b*x))
 E3 <- glmer (y ~ x + (1 | group), family=binomial(link="logit"))
 display(E3)
 E3.sim <- sim (E3)
 coef.E3.sim <- coef(E3.sim)
 fixef.E3.sim <- fixef(E3.sim)
 ranef.E3.sim <- ranef(E3.sim)
 sigma.E3.sim <- sigma.hat(E3.sim)
 yhat <- fitted(E3.sim, E3)