! x
x & y
x && y
x | y
x || y
xor(x, y)
isTRUE(x)
!
, &
and |
are S4 generics, the latter two part
of the Logic
group generic (and
hence methods need argument names e1, e2
).!
indicates logical negation (NOT). &
and &&
indicate logical AND and |
and ||
indicate logical OR. The shorter form performs elementwise
comparisons in much the same way as arithmetic operators. The longer
form evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each
vector. Evaluation proceeds only until the result is determined. The
longer form is appropriate for programming control-flow and typically
preferred in if
clauses.
xor
indicates elementwise exclusive OR.
isTRUE(x)
is an abbreviation of identical(TRUE, x)
, and
so is true if and only if x
is a length-one logical vector
whose only element is TRUE
and which has no attributes (not even
names).
Numeric and complex vectors will be coerced to logical values, with
zero being false and all non-zero values being true. Raw vectors are
handled without any coercion for !
, &
, |
and
xor
, with these operators being applied bitwise (so !
is
the 1s-complement).
The operators !
, &
and |
are generic functions:
methods can be written for them individually or via the
Ops
(or S4 Logic
, see below)
group generic function. (See Ops
for
how dispatch is computed.)
NA
is a valid logical object. Where a component of
x
or y
is NA
, the result will be NA
if the
outcome is ambiguous. In other words NA & TRUE
evaluates to
NA
, but NA & FALSE
evaluates to FALSE
. See the
examples below.
See Syntax for the precedence of these operators: unlike many other languages (including S) the AND and OR operators do not have the same precedence (the AND operators have higher precedence than the OR operators).
TRUE
or logical
. any
and all
for OR and AND on many scalar
arguments.
Syntax
for operator precedence.
bitwAnd
for bitwise versions for integer vectors.
y <- 1 + (x <- stats::rpois(50, lambda = 1.5) / 4 - 1)
x[(x > 0) & (x < 1)] # all x values between 0 and 1
if (any(x == 0) || any(y == 0)) "zero encountered"
## construct truth tables :
x <- c(NA, FALSE, TRUE)
names(x) <- as.character(x)
outer(x, x, "&") ## AND table
outer(x, x, "|") ## OR table
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