base (version 3.3)

unique: Extract Unique Elements

Description

unique returns a vector, data frame or array like x but with duplicate elements/rows removed.

Usage

unique(x, incomparables = FALSE, ...)
"unique"(x, incomparables = FALSE, fromLast = FALSE, nmax = NA, ...)
"unique"(x, incomparables = FALSE, MARGIN = 1, fromLast = FALSE, ...)
"unique"(x, incomparables = FALSE, MARGIN = 1, fromLast = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x

a vector or a data frame or an array or NULL.

incomparables

a vector of values that cannot be compared. FALSE is a special value, meaning that all values can be compared, and may be the only value accepted for methods other than the default. It will be coerced internally to the same type as x.

fromLast

logical indicating if duplication should be considered from the last, i.e., the last (or rightmost) of identical elements will be kept. This only matters for names or dimnames.

nmax

the maximum number of unique items expected (greater than one). See duplicated.

...

arguments for particular methods.

MARGIN

the array margin to be held fixed: a single integer.

Value

For a vector, an object of the same type of x, but with only one copy of each duplicated element. No attributes are copied (so the result has no names).For a data frame, a data frame is returned with the same columns but possibly fewer rows (and with row names from the first occurrences of the unique rows).A matrix or array is subsetted by [, drop = FALSE], so dimensions and dimnames are copied appropriately, and the result always has the same number of dimensions as x.

Warning

Using this for lists is potentially slow, especially if the elements are not atomic vectors (see vector) or differ only in their attributes. In the worst case it is $O(n^2)$.

Details

This is a generic function with methods for vectors, data frames and arrays (including matrices).

The array method calculates for each element of the dimension specified by MARGIN if the remaining dimensions are identical to those for an earlier element (in row-major order). This would most commonly be used for matrices to find unique rows (the default) or columns (with MARGIN = 2).

Note that unlike the Unix command uniq this omits duplicated and not just repeated elements/rows. That is, an element is omitted if it is equal to any previous element and not just if it is equal the immediately previous one. (For the latter, see rle).

Missing values are regarded as equal, but NaN is not equal to NA_real_. Character strings are regarded as equal if they are in different encodings but would agree when translated to UTF-8.

Values in incomparables will never be marked as duplicated. This is intended to be used for a fairly small set of values and will not be efficient for a very large set.

When used on a data frame with more than one column, or an array or matrix when comparing dimensions of length greater than one, this tests for identity of character representations. This will catch people who unwisely rely on exact equality of floating-point numbers!

Character strings will be compared as byte sequences if any input is marked as "bytes" (see Encoding).

References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

See Also

duplicated which gives the indices of duplicated elements.

rle which is the equivalent of the Unix uniq -c command.

Examples

x <- c(3:5, 11:8, 8 + 0:5)
(ux <- unique(x))
(u2 <- unique(x, fromLast = TRUE)) # different order
stopifnot(identical(sort(ux), sort(u2)))

length(unique(sample(100, 100, replace = TRUE)))
## approximately 100(1 - 1/e) = 63.21

unique(iris)