Group generic methods can be defined for four pre-specified groups of
functions, Math, Ops, Summary and Complex.
(There are no objects of these names in base R, but there are in the
methods package.)
A method defined for an individual member of the group takes precedence over a method defined for the group as a whole.
## S3 methods for group generics have prototypes:
Math(x, \dots)
Ops(e1, e2)
Complex(z)
Summary(\dots, na.rm = FALSE)objects.
further arguments passed to methods.
logical: should missing values be removed?
These functions are all primitive and internal generic.
The details of method dispatch and variables such as .Generic
are discussed in the help for UseMethod. There are a
few small differences:
For the operators of group Ops, the object
.Method is a length-two character vector with elements the
methods selected for the left and right arguments respectively. (If
no method was selected, the corresponding element is "".)
Object .Group records the group used for dispatch (if
a specific method is used this is "").
There are four groups for which S3 methods can be written,
namely the "Math", "Ops", "Summary" and
"Complex" groups. These are not R objects in base R, but
methods can be supplied for them and base R contains
factor, data.frame and
difftime methods for the first three groups. (There is
also a ordered method for Ops,
POSIXt and Date methods for Math
and Ops, package_version methods for Ops
and Summary, as well as a ts method for
Ops in package stats.)
Group "Math":
abs, sign, sqrt,
floor, ceiling, trunc,
round, signif
exp, log, expm1, log1p,
cos, sin, tan,
cospi, sinpi, tanpi,
acos, asin, atan
cosh, sinh, tanh,
acosh, asinh, atanh
lgamma, gamma, digamma, trigamma
cumsum, cumprod, cummax, cummin
Members of this group dispatch on x. Most members accept
only one argument, but members log, round and
signif accept one or two arguments, and trunc accepts
one or more.
Group "Ops":
"+", "-", "*", "/",
"^", "%%", "%/%"
"&", "|", "!"
"==", "!=",
"<", "<=", ">=", ">"
This group contains both binary and unary operators (+,
- and !): when a unary operator is encountered the
Ops method is called with one argument and e2 is
missing.
The classes of both arguments are considered in dispatching any
member of this group. For each argument its vector of classes is
examined to see if there is a matching specific (preferred) or
Ops method. If a method is found for just one argument or
the same method is found for both, it is used.
If different methods are found, there is a warning about
‘incompatible methods’: in that case or if no method is found
for either argument the internal method is used.
If the members of this group are called as functions, any argument names are removed to ensure that positional matching is always used.
Group "Summary":
all, any
sum, prod
min, max
range
Members of this group dispatch on the first argument supplied.
Group "Complex":
Arg, Conj, Im, Mod, Re
Members of this group dispatch on z.
Note that a method will be used for one of these groups or one of its
members only if it corresponds to a "class" attribute,
as the internal code dispatches on oldClass and not on
class. This is for efficiency: having to dispatch on,
say, Ops.integer would be too slow.
The number of arguments supplied for primitive members of the
"Math" group generic methods is not checked prior to dispatch.
There is no lazy evaluation of arguments for group-generic functions.
Appendix A, Classes and Methods of Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. eds (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
methods for methods of non-internal generic functions.
S4groupGeneric for group generics for S4 methods.
require(utils)
d.fr <- data.frame(x = 1:9, y = stats::rnorm(9))
class(1 + d.fr) == "data.frame" ##-- add to d.f. ...
methods("Math")
methods("Ops")
methods("Summary")
methods("Complex") # none in base R
Run the code above in your browser using DataLab