base (version 3.5.1)

as.POSIX*: Date-time Conversion Functions

Description

Functions to manipulate objects of classes "POSIXlt" and "POSIXct" representing calendar dates and times.

Usage

as.POSIXct(x, tz = "", …)
as.POSIXlt(x, tz = "", …)
# S3 method for character
as.POSIXlt(x, tz = "", format,
           tryFormats = c("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%OS",
                          "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%OS",
                          "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",
                          "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M",
                          "%Y-%m-%d",
                          "%Y/%m/%d"),
           optional = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for default
as.POSIXlt(x, tz = "",
           optional = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for numeric
as.POSIXlt(x, tz = "", origin, …)
# S3 method for POSIXlt
as.double(x, …)

Arguments

x

R object to be converted.

tz

time zone specification to be used for the conversion, if one is required. System-specific (see time zones), but "" is the current time zone, and "GMT" is UTC (Universal Time, Coordinated). Invalid values are most commonly treated as UTC, on some platforms with a warning.

…

further arguments to be passed to or from other methods.

format

character string giving a date-time format as used by strptime.

tryFormats

character vector of format strings to try if format is not specified.

optional

logical indicating to return NA (instead of signalling an error) if the format guessing does not succeed.

origin

a date-time object, or something which can be coerced by as.POSIXct(tz = "GMT") to such an object.

Value

as.POSIXct and as.POSIXlt return an object of the appropriate class. If tz was specified, as.POSIXlt will give an appropriate "tzone" attribute. Date-times known to be invalid will be returned as NA.

Details

The as.POSIX* functions convert an object to one of the two classes used to represent date/times (calendar dates plus time to the nearest second). They can convert a wide variety of objects, including objects of the other class and of classes "Date", "date" (from package date), "chron" and "dates" (from package chron) to these classes. Dates without times are treated as being at midnight UTC.

They can also convert character strings of the formats "2001-02-03" and "2001/02/03" optionally followed by white space and a time in the format "14:52" or "14:52:03". (Formats such as "01/02/03" are ambiguous but can be converted via a format specification by strptime.) Fractional seconds are allowed. Alternatively, format can be specified for character vectors or factors: if it is not specified and no standard format works for all non-NA inputs an error is thrown.

If format is specified, remember that some of the format specifications are locale-specific, and you may need to set the LC_TIME category appropriately via Sys.setlocale. This most often affects the use of %b, %B (month names) and %p (AM/PM).

Logical NAs can be converted to either of the classes, but no other logical vectors can be.

If you are given a numeric time as the number of seconds since an epoch, see the examples.

Character input is first converted to class "POSIXlt" by strptime: numeric input is first converted to "POSIXct". Any conversion that needs to go between the two date-time classes requires a time zone: conversion from "POSIXlt" to "POSIXct" will validate times in the selected time zone. One issue is what happens at transitions to and from DST, for example in the UK

as.POSIXct(strptime("2011-03-27 01:30:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
as.POSIXct(strptime("2010-10-31 01:30:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))

are respectively invalid (the clocks went forward at 1:00 GMT to 2:00 BST) and ambiguous (the clocks went back at 2:00 BST to 1:00 GMT). What happens in such cases is OS-specific: one should expect the first to be NA, but the second could be interpreted as either BST or GMT (and common OSes give both possible values). Note too (see strftime) that OS facilities may not format invalid times correctly.

See Also

DateTimeClasses for details of the classes; strptime for conversion to and from character representations.

Sys.timezone for details of the (system-specific) naming of time zones.

locales for locale-specific aspects.

Examples

# NOT RUN {
(z <- Sys.time())             # the current datetime, as class "POSIXct"
unclass(z)                    # a large integer
floor(unclass(z)/86400)       # the number of days since 1970-01-01 (UTC)
(now <- as.POSIXlt(Sys.time())) # the current datetime, as class "POSIXlt"
unlist(unclass(now))          # a list shown as a named vector
now$year + 1900               # see ?DateTimeClasses
months(now); weekdays(now)    # see ?months

## suppose we have a time in seconds since 1960-01-01 00:00:00 GMT
## (the origin used by SAS)
z <- 1472562988
# ways to convert this
as.POSIXct(z, origin = "1960-01-01")                # local
as.POSIXct(z, origin = "1960-01-01", tz = "GMT")    # in UTC

## SPSS dates (R-help 2006-02-16)
z <- c(10485849600, 10477641600, 10561104000, 10562745600)
as.Date(as.POSIXct(z, origin = "1582-10-14", tz = "GMT"))

## Stata date-times: milliseconds since 1960-01-01 00:00:00 GMT
## format %tc excludes leap-seconds, assumed here
## For format %tC including leap seconds, see foreign::read.dta()
z <- 1579598122120
op <- options(digits.secs = 3)
# avoid rounding down: milliseconds are not exactly representable
as.POSIXct((z+0.1)/1000, origin = "1960-01-01")
options(op)

## Matlab 'serial day number' (days and fractional days)
z <- 7.343736909722223e5 # 2010-08-23 16:35:00
as.POSIXct((z - 719529)*86400, origin = "1970-01-01", tz = "UTC")

as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "GMT") # the current time in UTC
# }
# NOT RUN {
## These may not be correct names on your system
as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "America/New_York")  # in New York
as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "EST5EDT")           # alternative.
as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "EST" )   # somewhere in Eastern Canada
as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "HST")    # in Hawaii
as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "Australia/Darwin")
# }
# NOT RUN {
cols <- c("code", "coordinates", "TZ", "comments")
tmp <- read.delim(file.path(R.home("share"), "zoneinfo", "zone.tab"),
                  header = FALSE, comment.char = "#", col.names = cols)
if(interactive()) View(tmp)
# }