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blrm (version 1.0-1)

blrm_mono_ss: Dose Escalation Design in Phase I Oncology Trial using Adaptive Bayesian Logistic Regression Modeling

Description

Provides dose escalation design in Phase I oncology trial using adaptive Bayesian Logistic Regression Modeling given prior and observed cohorts

Usage

blrm_mono_ss(prior, data, output_excel=FALSE, output_pdf=FALSE)
  blrm_mono_ms(prior, data, output_excel=FALSE, output_pdf=FALSE)
  blrm_combo_ss(prior, data, output_excel=FALSE, output_pdf=FALSE)
  blrm_combo_ms(prior, data, output_excel=FALSE, output_pdf=FALSE)

Arguments

prior

mean, standard deviation, and correlation of parameters

data

parameters, including random number generating seeds, number of simulation samples, burn-in period, drug name, dose unit, provisional doses, reference dose, tested doses, number of patients, number of dose-limiting toxicities, category bounds, category names, escalation with overdose criterion

output_excel

output_excel = FALSE by default; if output_excel = TRUE, then the simulation output will be provided in excel file

output_pdf

output_pdf = FALSE by default; if output_pdf = TRUE, then visualization of simulation output, including interval probabilities by dose and posterior distribution of dose-limiting toxicity rate, will be provided in pdf file

Value

prob_posterior

interval probabilities by dose

para_posterior

posterior estimates of parameters

pi_posterior

posterior estimates of dose-limiting rates

next_dose

recommended next dose

current_summary

summary of simulation outputs

cohort_all

accumulated summary of each observed cohort

Details

Model-based dose-escalation design is more flexible than traditional ``3 + 3" design. Bayesian logistic regression model is a two-parameter statistical model to quantify the relationship between dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) rate and drug dose. $$\log(\frac{\pi_d}{1-\pi_d}) = \log(\alpha) + \beta\log(\frac{d}{d^*})$$, where \(\alpha > 0\), \(\beta > 0\), \(\pi_d\) is the probability of toxicity at dose d, and \(d^*\) is the reference dose.

For more details, see Neuenschwander, et al. (2008).

References

Neuenschwander, B., Branson, M. and Gsponer, T. (2008). “Critical aspects of the Bayesian approach to phase I cancer trials”, Statistics in Medicine, 27(13), 2420-2439. doi: 10.1002/sim.3230.

Examples

Run this code
# NOT RUN {
  ## mono version 
  # prior for log(alpha) and log(beta)
  mean <- c(-3.068, 0.564)
  se <- c(2.706, 0.728)
  corr <- -0.917 
  prior <- list(mean=mean, se=se, corr=corr)
  
  # parameters
  seeds <- 1:2
  nsamples <- 10000
  burn_in <- 0.5
  drug_name <- "DRUG-X"
  dose_unit <- "mg"
  prov_dose <- c(360, 480, 720, 1080, 1440)
  ref_dose <- 720
  category_bound <- c(0.16, 0.33)
  category_name <- c("under-dosing", "targeted-toxicity", "over-dosing")
  ewoc <- 0.25
  
  # observed cohorts
  dose <- 480
  n_pat <- 3
  dlt <- 0
  
  # combine prior, parameters, and observed cohorts to a list
  data <- list(seeds=seeds, nsamples=nsamples, burn_in=burn_in, drug_name=drug_name,
               dose_unit=dose_unit, prov_dose=prov_dose, ref_dose=ref_dose,
               dose=dose, n_pat=n_pat, dlt=dlt, category_bound=category_bound,
               category_name=category_name, ewoc=ewoc)
  
  # ready to go!
  trial <- blrm_mono_ss(prior=prior, data=data, output_excel=FALSE, output_pdf=FALSE)
  prob_posterior <- trial$prob_posterior
  pi_posterior <- trial$pi_posterior
  
  # visualization
  ## interval probabilities by dose
  cols <- c("green", "red")[((prob_posterior[3,]) > ewoc)+1] # red: stop; green: pass
  yrange <- function(max.y){
      yrange.final <- ifelse(rep((1.1*max.y <= 1), 2), c(0, 1.1*max.y), c(0, max.y))
  }
  layout(matrix(c(1,2,3), 3, 1, byrow=TRUE))
  ## e.g., (0.33, 1]
  barplot(prob_posterior[3,], 
          xlab=paste0("dose", "(", dose_unit, ")"), ylab="probability",
          ylim=yrange(max(prob_posterior[3,])), names.arg=paste(prov_dose), 
          col=cols,
          main=paste0(category_name[3], ": (", category_bound[2], ", 1]"), 
          cex.main=1.3, font.main=4)
  if(max(prob_posterior[3,]) >= ewoc){
     abline(h=ewoc, lty=2, col="red")
     text(x=0.4, y=1.15*ewoc, labels=paste0("EWOC=", ewoc), 
          col="red", cex=1.2, font.main=4)
  }else{
     text(x=0.8, y=max(prob_posterior[3,]), labels=paste0("EWOC=", ewoc), 
          col="red", cex=1.2, font.main=4)
  }
  ## e.g., (0.16, 0.33]
  barplot(prob_posterior[2,], 
          xlab=paste0("dose", "(", dose_unit, ")"), ylab="probability",
          ylim=yrange(max(prob_posterior[2,])), names.arg=paste(prov_dose), 
          col="green",
          main=paste0(category_name[2], ": (", category_bound[1], ", ", category_bound[2], "]"), 
          cex.main=1.3, font.main=4)
  ## e.g., (0, 0.16]
  barplot(prob_posterior[1,], 
          xlab=paste0("dose", "(", dose_unit, ")"), ylab="probability",
          ylim=yrange(max(prob_posterior[1,])), names.arg=paste(prov_dose), 
          col="green", main=paste0(category_name[1], ": (0, ", category_bound[1], "]"), 
          cex.main=1.3, font.main=4)
  ## add a main title to the three barplots together
  mtext("Interval Probabilities by Dose", side=3, outer=TRUE, line=-2,
         at=par("usr")[1]+0.035*diff(par("usr")[1:2]), cex=1.2, font=2)
     
  ## posterior distribution of DLT rate
  par(mfrow=c(1,1))
  plot(prov_dose, pi_posterior[4,], type="p", pch=20, 
       xlab=paste0("dose", "(", dose_unit, ")"), ylab="DLT rate", 
       xlim=range(prov_dose), ylim=c(0, max(pi_posterior)), 
       main="Posterior Distribution of DLT Rate", bty="n")
  arrows(prov_dose, pi_posterior[3,], prov_dose, pi_posterior[5,], 
         code=3, angle=90, length=0.1, lwd=1.5, col=1)
  if(max(pi_posterior[5,]) >= category_bound[2]){
     abline(h=category_bound, lty=2, col=c(rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8), rgb(1,0,0,alpha=0.8)))
     legend("topleft", c(paste(category_bound), "median", "95 percent credible interval"),
            lty=c(2,2,NA,1), lwd=c(1,1,NA,1.5), pch=c(NA,NA,20,NA),
            col=c(rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8), rgb(1,0,0,alpha=0.8), 1, 1), bty="n")
  }else if((max(pi_posterior[5,]) >= category_bound[1]) && 
            (max(pi_posterior[5,]) < category_bound[2])){
     abline(h=category_bound[1], lty=2, col=rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8))
     legend("topleft", c(paste(category_bound[1]), "median", "95 percent credible interval"),
            lty=c(2,NA,1), lwd=c(1,NA,1.5), pch=c(NA,20,NA), 
            col=c(rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8), 1, 1), bty="n")
  }else{
        legend("topleft", c("median", "95 percent credible interval"), 
                lty=c(NA,1), lwd=c(NA,1.5), pch=c(20,NA), col=c(1,1), bty="n")
  }
     
  
  
# }
# NOT RUN {
    ## combo version
    # prior
    ## drug 1
    mean1 <- c(-1.0989, -0.1674)
    se1 <- c(1.2770, 0.5713)
    corr1 <- 0.5224
    prior1 <- list(mean=mean1, se=se1, corr=corr1)
    ## drug 2
    mean2 <- c(-2.9444, 0)
    se2 <- c(2, 1)
    corr2 <- 0
    prior2 <- list(mean=mean2, se=se2, corr=corr2)
    ## interaction between 2 drugs
    prior3 <- list(mean=0, se=1.121)
    ## combine three sets of priors
    prior <- list(prior1, prior2, prior3)
    
    # parameters
    seeds <- 1:2
    nsamples <- 10000
    burn_in <- 0.5
    
    ## drug 1
    drug1_name <- "DRUG-X"
    dose1_unit <- "mg"
    ref_dose1 <- 10
    prov_dose1 <- c(1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30)
    
    ## drug 2
    drug2_name <- "DRUG-Y"
    dose2_unit <- "mg"
    ref_dose2 <- 400
    prov_dose2 <- c(200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550)
    
    dose1 <- c(1, 2.5, 5)     # tested doses for drug 1
    dose2 <- c(200, 200, 250) # tested doses for drug 2
    n_pat <- c(3, 3, 4)       # number of patients at each observed cohort
    dlt <- c(0, 0, 1)         # number of DLTs at each observed cohort
    
    category_bound <- c(0.16, 0.33)
    category_name <- c("under-dosing", "targeted-toxicity", "over-dosing")
    ewoc <- 0.25
    
    # combine to a list
    data <- list(seeds=seeds, nsamples=nsamples, burn_in=burn_in,
                 drug1_name=drug1_name, dose1_unit=dose1_unit, 
                 ref_dose1=ref_dose1, prov_dose1=prov_dose1,
                 drug2_name=drug2_name, dose2_unit=dose2_unit, 
                 ref_dose2=ref_dose2, prov_dose2=prov_dose2,
                 dose1=dose1, dose2=dose2, n_pat=n_pat, dlt=dlt,
                 category_bound=category_bound, category_name=category_name, 
                 ewoc=ewoc)
    
    # ready to go!
    trial <- blrm_combo_ss(prior=prior, data=data, output_excel=FALSE, output_pdf=FALSE)
    prob_posterior <- trial$prob_posterior
    pi_posterior <- trial$pi_posterior
    
    # visualization
    ## Interval Probabilities by Dose: `(0.33, 1]' is the target
    ### data manipulation
    prov_dose <- expand.grid(prov_dose1, prov_dose2)
    prob_posterior_3 <- cbind(prov_dose, prob_posterior[3,])
    names(prob_posterior_3) <- c("drug1", "drug2", "probability")
    prob_posterior_3 <- transform(prob_posterior_3, 
                                  level=ifelse(probability > ewoc, 1, 0))
    prob_posterior_3_wide <- reshape2::dcast(prob_posterior_3[,-3], 
                         drug2 ~ drug1, value.var="level")
    prob_posterior_3_wide <- prob_posterior_3_wide[,-1]
    rownames(prob_posterior_3_wide) <- paste(prov_dose2)
    colnames(prob_posterior_3_wide) <- paste(prov_dose1)
    cols <- matrix(NA, nrow=length(prov_dose2), ncol=length(prov_dose1))
    for(i in 1:nrow(prob_posterior_3_wide)){
        for(j in 1:ncol(prob_posterior_3_wide)){
            cols[i,j] <- ifelse(prob_posterior_3_wide[i,j]==1, "red", "green")
        }
    }
    ### generate the plot
    plot(NA, NA, type='n', xaxt='n', yaxt='n', cex.lab=1.5, 
         cex.main=2,
         xlim=range(1:length(prov_dose1)), 
         ylim=range(1:length(prov_dose2)),  
         xlab=paste0(drug1_name, "(", dose1_unit, ")"), 
         ylab=paste0(drug2_name, "(", dose2_unit, ")"), 
         main="Dose Category")
    abline(h=1:length(prov_dose2), v=1:length(prov_dose1), 
           lty=2, lwd=1, col="gray")
    axis(1, at=1:length(prov_dose1), labels=paste(prov_dose1))        
    axis(2, at=1:length(prov_dose2), labels=paste(prov_dose2), las=2)
    # add dose level combinations
    for(i in 1:length(prov_dose2)){
        for(j in 1:length(prov_dose1)){
            points(j, i, pch=19, col=cols[i,j], cex=4)
        }
    }
    legend("topright", c(" <= EWOC", " > EWOC"), cex=1.1,
           pch=rep(19, 2), col=c("green", "red"), pt.cex=2,
           xpd=TRUE, horiz=TRUE, inset=c(0, -0.06), bty='n')
    
    ## Posterior Distribution of DLT Rate
    par(mfrow=c(1,1))
    labels <- apply(prov_dose, 1, paste, collapse=",")
    plot(1:nrow(prov_dose), pi_posterior[4,], type="p", pch=20, 
         xlab="drug combo", xaxt='n', cex.lab=1.5,
         ylab="DLT rate", ylim=c(0, max(pi_posterior)), 
         main="Posterior Distribution of DLT Rate", cex.main=2.0, bty='n')
    axis(1, at=1:nrow(prov_dose), labels=FALSE)
    text(x=1:nrow(prov_dose), par("usr")[3]-0.03, labels=labels, 
         srt=90, pos=1, xpd=TRUE, cex=0.5)
    arrows(1:nrow(prov_dose), pi_posterior[3,], 
           1:nrow(prov_dose), pi_posterior[5,], 
           code=3, angle=90, length=0.1, lwd=1.5, col=1) 
    if(max(pi_posterior[5,]) >= category_bound[2]){
       abline(h=category_bound, lty=2, 
              col=c(rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8), rgb(1,0,0,alpha=0.8))) 
       legend("top", 
              c(paste(category_bound), "median", "95 percent credible interval"), 
              lty=c(2,2,NA,1), lwd=c(1,1,NA,1.5), pch=c(NA,NA,20,NA), 
              col=c(rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8), rgb(1,0,0,alpha=0.8), 1, 1), 
              xpd=TRUE, horiz=TRUE, inset=c(0, -0.035), bty='n')
    }else if((max(pi_posterior[5,]) >= category_bound[1]) && 
             (max(pi_posterior[5,]) < category_bound[2])){
       abline(h=category_bound[1], lty=2, col=rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8)) 
       legend("top", c(paste(category_bound[1]), "median", "95 percent credible interval"), 
              lty=c(2,NA,1), lwd=c(1,NA,1.5), pch=c(NA,20,NA), 
              col=c(rgb(0,1,0,alpha=0.8), 1, 1), bty='n',
              xpd=TRUE, horiz=TRUE, inset=c(0, -0.035))
    }else{
       legend("top", c("median", "95 percent credible interval"), 
              lty=c(NA,1), lwd=c(NA,1.5), pch=c(20,NA), col=c(1,1),
              xpd=TRUE, horiz=TRUE, inset=c(0, -0.035), bty='n')
    }
    # end of visualization
  
# }
# NOT RUN {
# }

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