broom (version 0.7.8)

augment.lm: Augment data with information from a(n) lm object

Description

Augment accepts a model object and a dataset and adds information about each observation in the dataset. Most commonly, this includes predicted values in the .fitted column, residuals in the .resid column, and standard errors for the fitted values in a .se.fit column. New columns always begin with a . prefix to avoid overwriting columns in the original dataset.

Users may pass data to augment via either the data argument or the newdata argument. If the user passes data to the data argument, it must be exactly the data that was used to fit the model object. Pass datasets to newdata to augment data that was not used during model fitting. This still requires that at least all predictor variable columns used to fit the model are present. If the original outcome variable used to fit the model is not included in newdata, then no .resid column will be included in the output.

Augment will often behave differently depending on whether data or newdata is given. This is because there is often information associated with training observations (such as influences or related) measures that is not meaningfully defined for new observations.

For convenience, many augment methods provide default data arguments, so that augment(fit) will return the augmented training data. In these cases, augment tries to reconstruct the original data based on the model object with varying degrees of success.

The augmented dataset is always returned as a tibble::tibble with the same number of rows as the passed dataset. This means that the passed data must be coercible to a tibble. At this time, tibbles do not support matrix-columns. This means you should not specify a matrix of covariates in a model formula during the original model fitting process, and that splines::ns(), stats::poly() and survival::Surv() objects are not supported in input data. If you encounter errors, try explicitly passing a tibble, or fitting the original model on data in a tibble.

We are in the process of defining behaviors for models fit with various na.action arguments, but make no guarantees about behavior when data is missing at this time.

Usage

# S3 method for lm
augment(
  x,
  data = model.frame(x),
  newdata = NULL,
  se_fit = FALSE,
  interval = c("none", "confidence", "prediction"),
  ...
)

Arguments

x

An lm object created by stats::lm().

data

A base::data.frame or tibble::tibble() containing the original data that was used to produce the object x. Defaults to stats::model.frame(x) so that augment(my_fit) returns the augmented original data. Do not pass new data to the data argument. Augment will report information such as influence and cooks distance for data passed to the data argument. These measures are only defined for the original training data.

newdata

A base::data.frame() or tibble::tibble() containing all the original predictors used to create x. Defaults to NULL, indicating that nothing has been passed to newdata. If newdata is specified, the data argument will be ignored.

se_fit

Logical indicating whether or not a .se.fit column should be added to the augmented output. For some models, this calculation can be somewhat time-consuming. Defaults to FALSE.

interval

Character indicating the type of confidence interval columns to be added to the augmented output. Passed on to predict() and defaults to "none".

...

Additional arguments. Not used. Needed to match generic signature only. Cautionary note: Misspelled arguments will be absorbed in ..., where they will be ignored. If the misspelled argument has a default value, the default value will be used. For example, if you pass conf.lvel = 0.9, all computation will proceed using conf.level = 0.95. Additionally, if you pass newdata = my_tibble to an augment() method that does not accept a newdata argument, it will use the default value for the data argument.

Value

A tibble::tibble() with columns:

.cooksd

Cooks distance.

.fitted

Fitted or predicted value.

.hat

Diagonal of the hat matrix.

.lower

Lower bound on interval for fitted values.

.resid

The difference between observed and fitted values.

.se.fit

Standard errors of fitted values.

.sigma

Estimated residual standard deviation when corresponding observation is dropped from model.

.std.resid

Standardised residuals.

.upper

Upper bound on interval for fitted values.

Details

When the modeling was performed with na.action = "na.omit" (as is the typical default), rows with NA in the initial data are omitted entirely from the augmented data frame. When the modeling was performed with na.action = "na.exclude", one should provide the original data as a second argument, at which point the augmented data will contain those rows (typically with NAs in place of the new columns). If the original data is not provided to augment() and na.action = "na.exclude", a warning is raised and the incomplete rows are dropped.

Some unusual lm objects, such as rlm from MASS, may omit .cooksd and .std.resid. gam from mgcv omits .sigma.

When newdata is supplied, only returns .fitted, .resid and .se.fit columns.

See Also

stats::na.action

augment(), stats::predict.lm()

Other lm tidiers: augment.glm(), glance.glm(), glance.lm(), glance.summary.lm(), glance.svyglm(), tidy.glm(), tidy.lm.beta(), tidy.lm(), tidy.mlm(), tidy.summary.lm()

Examples

# NOT RUN {
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)

mod <- lm(mpg ~ wt + qsec, data = mtcars)

tidy(mod)
glance(mod)

# coefficient plot
d <- tidy(mod, conf.int = TRUE)

ggplot(d, aes(estimate, term, xmin = conf.low, xmax = conf.high, height = 0)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0, lty = 4) +
  geom_errorbarh()
  
# Aside: There are tidy() and glance() methods for lm.summary objects too. 
# This can be useful when you want to conserve memory by converting large lm 
# objects into their leaner summary.lm equivalents.
s <- summary(mod)
tidy(s, conf.int = TRUE)
glance(s)

augment(mod)
augment(mod, mtcars, interval = "confidence")

# predict on new data
newdata <- mtcars %>%
  head(6) %>%
  mutate(wt = wt + 1)
augment(mod, newdata = newdata)

# ggplot2 example where we also construct 95% prediction interval
mod2 <- lm(mpg ~ wt, data = mtcars) ## simpler bivariate model since we're plotting in 2D

au <- augment(mod2, newdata = newdata, interval = "prediction")

ggplot(au, aes(wt, mpg)) + 
  geom_point() +
  geom_line(aes(y = .fitted)) + 
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = .lower, ymax = .upper), col = NA, alpha = 0.3)

# predict on new data without outcome variable. Output does not include .resid
newdata <- newdata %>%
  select(-mpg)
augment(mod, newdata = newdata)

au <- augment(mod, data = mtcars)

ggplot(au, aes(.hat, .std.resid)) +
  geom_vline(size = 2, colour = "white", xintercept = 0) +
  geom_hline(size = 2, colour = "white", yintercept = 0) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(se = FALSE)

plot(mod, which = 6)
ggplot(au, aes(.hat, .cooksd)) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0, colour = NA) +
  geom_abline(slope = seq(0, 3, by = 0.5), colour = "white") +
  geom_smooth(se = FALSE) +
  geom_point()

# column-wise models
a <- matrix(rnorm(20), nrow = 10)
b <- a + rnorm(length(a))
result <- lm(b ~ a)
tidy(result)
# }