care (version 1.1.11)

slm: Shrinkage Estimation of Regression Coefficients

Description

slm fits a linear model and computes (standardized) regression coefficients by plugin of shrinkage estimates of correlations and variances. Using the argument predlist several models can be fitted on the same data set.

make.predlist constructs a predlist argument for use with slm.

Usage

slm(Xtrain, Ytrain, predlist, lambda, lambda.var, diagonal=FALSE, verbose=TRUE)
# S3 method for slm
predict(object, Xtest, verbose=TRUE, ...)
make.predlist(ordering, numpred, name="SIZE")

Arguments

Xtrain

Matrix of predictors (columns correspond to variables).

Ytrain

Univariate continous response variable.

predlist

A list specifying the predictors to be included when fitting the linear regression. Each entry in the list is a vector containing the indices of variables used per model. If left unspecified single full-sized model using all variables in Xtrain is assumed. For a given ordering of covariables a suitable predlist can be generated using the helper function make.predlist - see examples below.

lambda

The correlation shrinkage intensity (range 0-1). If not specified (the default) it is estimated using an analytic formula from Sch\"afer and Strimmer (2005). For lambda=0 the empirical correlations are used.

lambda.var

The variance shrinkage intensity (range 0-1). If not specified (the default) it is estimated using an analytic formula from Opgen-Rhein and Strimmer (2007). For lambda.var=0 the empirical variances are used.

diagonal

If diagonal=FALSE (the default) then the correlation among predictor veriables assumed to be non-zero and is estimated from data. If diagonal=TRUE then it is assumed that the correlation among predictors vanishes and is set to zero.

verbose

If verbose=TRUE then the estimated shrinkage intensities are reported.

object

An slm fit object obtained from the function slm.

Xtest

A matrix containing the test data set. Note that the rows correspond to observations and the columns to variables.

...

Additional arguments for generic predict.

ordering

The ordering of the predictors (most important predictors are first).

numpred

The number of included predictors (may be a scalar or a vector). The predictors are included in the order specified by ordering.

name

The name assigned to each model is name plus "." and the number of included predictors.

Value

slm returns a list with the following components:

regularization: The shrinkage intensities used for estimating correlations and variances.

std.coefficients: The standardized regression coefficients, i.e. the regression coefficients computed from centered and standardized input data. Thus, by construction the intercept is zero. Furthermore, for diagonal=TRUE the standardized regression coefficient for each predictor is identical to the respective marginal correlation.

coefficients: Regression coefficients.

numpred: The number of predictors used in each investigated model.

R2: For diagonal=TRUE this is the multiple correlation coefficient between the response and the predictor, or the proportion of explained variance, with range from 0 to 1. For diagonal=TRUE this equals the sum of squared marginal correlations. Note that this sum may be larger than 1!

sd.resid: The residual unexplained error.

predict.slm returns the means predicted for each sample and model as well as the corresponding predictive standard deviations (attached as attribute "sd").

Details

The regression coefficients are obtained by estimating the joint joint covariance matrix of the response and the predictors, and subsequently computing the the regression coefficients by inversion of this matrix - see Opgen-Rhein and Strimmer (2007). As estimators for the covariance matrix either the standard empirical estimator or a Stein-type shrinkage estimator is employed. The use of the empirical covariance leads to the OLS estimates of the regression coefficients, whereas otherwise shrinkage estimates are obtained.

References

Opgen-Rhein, R., and K. Strimmer. 2007. From correlation to causation networks: a simple approximate learning algorithm and its application to high-dimensional plant gene expression data. BMC Syst. Biol. 1: 37. <DOI:10.1186/1752-0509-1-37>

Sch\"afer, J., and K. Strimmer. 2005. A shrinkage approach to large-scale covariance estimation and implications for functional genomics. Statist. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol. 4: 32. <DOI:10.2202/1544-6115.1175>

See Also

carscore

Examples

# NOT RUN {
# load care library
library("care")

## example with large number of samples and small dimension
## (using empirical estimates of regression coefficients)

# diabetes data
data(efron2004)
x = efron2004$x
y = efron2004$y
n = dim(x)[1]
d = dim(x)[2]
xnames = colnames(x)

# empirical regression coefficients
fit = slm(x, y, lambda=0, lambda.var=0)
fit
# note that in this example the regression coefficients
# and the standardized regression coefficients are identical
# as the input data have been standardized to mean zero and variance one

# compute corresponding t scores / partial correlations
df = n-d-1
pcor = pcor.shrink(cbind(y,x), lambda=0)[-1,1] 
t = pcor * sqrt(df/(1-pcor^2))
t.pval = 2 - 2 * pt(abs(t), df)
b = fit$coefficients[1,-1]
cbind(b, pcor, t, t.pval)

# compare results with those from lm function
lm.out = lm(y ~ x)
summary(lm.out)

# prediction of fitted values at the position of the training data
lm.out$fitted.values
mu.hat = predict(fit, x) # precticted means
mu.hat
attr(mu.hat, "sd") # predictive error
sd(y-mu.hat)


# ordering of the variables using squared empirical CAR score
car = carscore(x, y, lambda=0)
ocar = order(car^2, decreasing=TRUE)
xnames[ocar]

# CAR regression models with 5, 7, 9 included predictors
car.predlist = make.predlist(ocar, numpred = c(5,7,9), name="CAR")
car.predlist
slm(x, y, car.predlist, lambda=0, lambda.var=0)


# plot regression coefficients for all possible CAR models

p=ncol(x)
car.predlist = make.predlist(ocar, numpred = 1:p, name="CAR")
cm = slm(x, y, car.predlist, lambda=0, lambda.var=0)
bmat = cm$coefficients[,-1]
bmat

par(mfrow=c(2,1))

plot(1:p, bmat[,1], type="l", 
  ylab="estimated regression coefficients", 
  xlab="number of included predictors", 
  main="CAR Regression Models for Diabetes Data", 
  xlim=c(1,p+1), ylim=c(min(bmat), max(bmat)))

for (i in 2:p) lines(1:p, bmat[,i], col=i, lty=i)
for (i in 1:p) points(1:p, bmat[,i], col=i)
for (i in 1:p) text(p+0.5, bmat[p,i], xnames[i])

plot(1:p, cm$R2, type="l", 
  ylab="estimated R2",
  xlab="number of included predictors",
  main="Proportion of Explained Variance",
  ylim=c(0,0.6))
R2max = max(cm$R2)
lines(c(1,p), c(R2max, R2max), col=2)

par(mfrow=c(1,1))


## example with small number of samples and large dimension
## (using shrinkage estimates of regression coefficients)

data(lu2004)
dim(lu2004$x)    # 30 403

fit = slm(lu2004$x, lu2004$y)
fit

# }