catR (version 3.16)

thetaEst: Ability estimation (dichotomous and polytomous models)

Description

This command returns the ability estimate for a given response pattern and a given matrix of item parameters, either under the 4PL model or any suitable polytomous IRT model. Available estimators are maximum likelihood (ML), Bayes modal (BM), expected a posteriori (EAP), weighted likelihood (WL) and robust estimator (ROB).

Usage

thetaEst(it, x, model = NULL, D = 1, method = "BM", priorDist = "norm", 
 	priorPar = c(0, 1), weight = "Huber", tuCo = 1, range = c(-4, 4), 
 	parInt = c(-4, 4, 33), constantPatt = NULL, current.th = 0, bRange = c(-2, 2))

Arguments

it

numeric: a suitable matrix of item parameters. See Details.

x

numeric: a vector of item responses. Can also hold missing data (coded as NAs). See Details.

model

either NULL (default) for dichotomous models, or any suitable acronym for polytomous models. Possible values are "GRM", "MGRM", "PCM", "GPCM", "RSM" and "NRM". See Details.

D

numeric: the metric constant. Default is D=1 (for logistic metric); D=1.702 yields approximately the normal metric (Haley, 1952). Ignored if model is not NULL.

method

character: the ability estimator. Possible values are "BM" (default), "ML", "WL", "EAP" and "ROB". See Details.

priorDist

character: specifies the prior distribution. Possible values are "norm" (default), "unif" and "Jeffreys". Ignored if method is neither "BM" nor "EAP". See Details.

priorPar

numeric: vector of two components specifying the prior parameters (default is c(0,1)) of the prior ability distribution. Ignored if method is neither "BM" nor "EAP", or if priorDist="Jeffreys". See Details.

weight

character: the type of weight function for the robust estimator. Possible values are "Huber" (default) and "Tukey". Ignored if method is not "ROB" or if model is not NULL. See Details.

tuCo

numeric: the value of the tuning constant for the weight function (default is 1, suitable with "Huber" weight). Ignored if method is not "ROB" or if model is not NULL. See Details.

range

numeric: vector of two components specifying the range wherein the ability estimate must be looked for (default is c(-4,4)). Ignored if method=="EAP".

parInt

numeric: vector of three components, holding respectively the values of the arguments lower, upper and nqp of the eapEst command. Default vector is (-4, 4, 33). Ignored if method is not "EAP".

constantPatt

character: the method to estimate ability in case of constant pattern (i.e. only correct or only incorrect responses). Can be either NULL (default), "BM", "EAP", "WL", "fixed4", "fixed7" or "var". Currently only implemented for dichotomous IRT models. See Details.

current.th

numeric: the current ability estimate (default is zero). Required for ability estimation in presence of constant pattern. Ignored if constantPatt is neither "fixed4", "fixed7" nor "var". See Details.

bRange

numeric: vector of two componentns with the range of difficulty parameters in the parent item bank (default is c(-2,2)). Currently only implemented for dichotomous IRT models. See Details.

Value

The estimated ability level.

Details

Dichotomous IRT models are considered whenever model is set to NULL (default value). In this case, it must be a matrix with one row per item and four columns, with the values of the discrimination, the difficulty, the pseudo-guessing and the inattention parameters (in this order). These are the parameters of the four-parameter logistic (4PL) model (Barton and Lord, 1981).

Polytomous IRT models are specified by their respective acronym: "GRM" for Graded Response Model, "MGRM" for Modified Graded Response Model, "PCM" for Partical Credit Model, "GPCM" for Generalized Partial Credit Model, "RSM" for Rating Scale Model and "NRM" for Nominal Response Model. The it still holds one row per item, end the number of columns and their content depends on the model. See genPolyMatrix for further information and illustrative examples of suitable polytomous item banks.

The vector of response patterns x can also hold missing responses (more useful in linear testing, not in CAT). In this case the missing responses must be coded as NA values. They are discarded from the ability estimation process.

Five ability estimators are available: the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator (Lord, 1980), the Bayes modal (BM) estimator (Birnbaum, 1969), the expected a posteriori (EAP) estimator (Bock and Mislevy, 1982), the weighted likelihood (WL) estimator (Warm, 1989) and the robust estimator (Schuster & Yuan, 2011). The selected estimator is specified by the method argument, with values "ML", "BM", "EAP", "WL" and "ROB" respectively.

For the BM and EAP estimators, three prior distributions are available: the normal distribution, the uniform distribution and Jeffreys' prior distribution (Jeffreys, 1939, 1946). The prior distribution is specified by the argument priorPar, with values "norm", "unif" and "Jeffreys", respectively. The priorPar argument is ignored if method="ML" or method="WL".

The argument priorPar determines either the prior mean and standard deviation of the normal prior distribution (if priorDist="norm"), or the range for defining the prior uniform distribution (if priorDist="unif"). This argument is ignored if priorDist="Jeffreys".

The parInt argument sets the range and the number of quadrature points for numerical integration in the EAP process. By default, it takes the vector value (-4, 4, 33), that is, 33 quadrature points on the range [-4; 4] (or, by steps of 0.25). See eapEst for further details.

Robust estimation requires an appropriate weight function that depends on an accurate tuning constant. Suggested functions are the Huber weight (Schuester and Yuan, 2011) and the Tukey weight (Mosteller and Tukey, 1977). Both can be set by the weight argument, with respective values "Huber" and "Tukey". Default function is Huber. Moreover, the tuCo argument specifies the tuning constant for the weight function. Default value is 1 and suggested for Huber weight (also by default), and value 4 is suggested for Tukey weight (Schuester and Yuan, 2011).

The range argument permits to limit the interval of investigation for the ML, BM, WL and ROB ability estimates (in particular, to avoid infinite ability estimates). The default range is [-4, 4].

Specific ability estimation methods are available in presence of constant patterns (that is with only correct or only incorrect responses) under dichotomous IRT models. These methods are specified by the argument constantPatt. By default it is set to NULL and hence ability is estimated with the specified method (even in presence of constant pattern). Six methods are currently available for constant patterns: "BM", "EAP" and "WL" that call for Bayes modal, expected a posteriori and weighted likelihood estimation respectively; "fixed4" and "fixed7" that perform fixed stepsize adjustment (i.e. increase or decrease of constant magnitude) with step 0.4 and 0.7 respectively; and "var" for variable stepsize adjustment. Note that in case odf stepsize adjustment, the range of difficultyu parameters must be provided through the bRange argument, as vector of two components (default value being c(-2,2)). See Dodd, De Ayala, and Koch (1995) for further details.

References

Barton, M.A., and Lord, F.M. (1981). An upper asymptote for the three-parameter logistic item-response model. Research Bulletin 81-20. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Birnbaum, A. (1969). Statistical theory for logistic mental test models with a prior distribution of ability. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 6, 258-276. 10.1016/0022-2496(69)90005-4

Bock, R. D., and Mislevy, R. J. (1982). Adaptive EAP estimation of ability in a microcomputer environment. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6, 431-444. 10.1177/014662168200600405

Dodd, B. G., De Ayala, R. J., and Koch, W. R. (1995) . Computerized adaptive testing with polytomous items. Applied Psychological Measurement, 19, 5-22. 10.1177/014662169501900103

Haley, D.C. (1952). Estimation of the dosage mortality relationship when the dose is subject to error. Technical report no 15. Palo Alto, CA: Applied Mathematics and Statistics Laboratory, Stanford University.

Jeffreys, H. (1939). Theory of probability. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Jeffreys, H. (1946). An invariant form for the prior probability in estimation problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 186, 453-461.

Lord, F.M. (1980). Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Magis, D. (2015). A note on weighted likelihood and Jeffreys modal estimation of proficiency levels in polytomous item response models. Psychometrika, 80, 200-204. 10.1007/S11336-013-9378-5

Magis, D. and Barrada, J. R. (2017). Computerized Adaptive Testing with R: Recent Updates of the Package catR. Journal of Statistical Software, Code Snippets, 76(1), 1-18. 10.18637/jss.v076.c01

Magis, D., and Raiche, G. (2012). Random Generation of Response Patterns under Computerized Adaptive Testing with the R Package catR. Journal of Statistical Software, 48 (8), 1-31. 10.18637/jss.v048.i08

Mosteller, F., and Tukey, J. (1977). Exploratory data analysis and regression. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Schuester, C., and Yuan, K.-H. (2011). Robust estimation of latent ability in item response models. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 36, 720)735.10.3102/1076998610396890

Warm, T.A. (1989). Weighted likelihood estimation of ability in item response models. Psychometrika, 54, 427-450. 10.1007/BF02294627

See Also

eapEst, semTheta, genPolyMatrix

Examples

# NOT RUN {
## Dichotomous models ##

 # Loading the 'tcals' parameters 
 data(tcals)

 # Selecting item parameters only
 tcals <- as.matrix(tcals[,1:4])
 
 # Creation of a response pattern (tcals item parameters, true ability level 0)
 set.seed(1)
 x <- genPattern(0, tcals)

 # ML estimation
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "ML")

 # With first two responses missing 
 x.mis <- x
 x.mis[1:2] <- NA
 thetaEst(tcals, x.mis, method = "ML")

 # BM estimation, standard normal prior distribution
 thetaEst(tcals, x)

 # BM estimation, uniform prior distribution upon range [-2,2]
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "BM", priorDist = "unif", priorPar = c(-2, 2))

 # BM estimation, Jeffreys' prior distribution  
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "BM", priorDist = "Jeffreys")

 # EAP estimation, standard normal prior distribution
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "EAP")

 # EAP estimation, uniform prior distribution upon range [-2,2]
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "EAP", priorDist = "unif", priorPar = c(-2, 2))

 # EAP estimation, Jeffreys' prior distribution  
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "EAP", priorDist = "Jeffreys")

 # WL estimation
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "WL")

 # Robust estimation, Huber weight with tuning constant 1 (default)
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "ROB")

 # Robust estimation, Huber weight with tuning constant 2 
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "ROB", tuCo = 2)

 # Robust estimation, Tukey weight with tuning constant 4 
 thetaEst(tcals, x, method = "ROB", weight = "Tukey", tuCo = 4)

 # Creation of two constant patterns and estimation with WL, 
 # 'fixed4', 'fixed7' and 'var' stepsize adjustments
 x0 <- rep(0,nrow(tcals))
 x1 <- x0 + 1
 thetaEst(tcals, x0, constantPatt = "WL") # equivalent to thetaEst(tcals, x0, method = "WL")
 thetaEst(tcals, x1, constantPatt = "WL") # equivalent to thetaEst(tcals, x1, method = "WL")
 thetaEst(tcals, x0, constantPatt = "fixed4") 
 thetaEst(tcals, x1, constantPatt = "fixed4") 
 thetaEst(tcals, x0, constantPatt = "fixed7") 
 thetaEst(tcals, x1, constantPatt = "fixed7") 
 thetaEst(tcals, x0, constantPatt = "var") 
 thetaEst(tcals, x1, constantPatt = "var") 

# }
# NOT RUN {
## Polytomous models ##

 # Generation of an item bank under GRM with 100 items and at most 4 categories
 m.GRM <- genPolyMatrix(100, 4, "GRM")
 m.GRM <- as.matrix(m.GRM)

 # Creation of a response pattern (true ability level 0)
 set.seed(1)
 x <- genPattern(0, m.GRM, model = "GRM")

 # ML estimation
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "ML")

 # BM estimation, standard normal prior distribution
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM")

 # BM estimation, uniform prior distribution upon range [-2,2]
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "BM", priorDist = "unif", 
          priorPar = c(-2, 2))

 # BM estimation, Jeffreys' prior distribution  
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "BM", priorDist = "Jeffreys")

 # EAP estimation, standard normal prior distribution
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "EAP")

 # EAP estimation, uniform prior distribution upon range [-2,2]
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "EAP", priorDist = "unif", 
          priorPar = c(-2, 2))

 # EAP estimation, Jeffreys' prior distribution  
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "EAP", priorDist = "Jeffreys")

 # WL estimation
 thetaEst(m.GRM, x, model = "GRM", method = "WL")


 # Generation of an item bank under PCM with 20 items and 4 categories
 m.PCM <- genPolyMatrix(20, 4, "PCM", same.nrCat = TRUE)
 m.PCM <- as.matrix(m.PCM)

 # Creation of a response pattern (true ability level 0)
 set.seed(1)
 x <- genPattern(0, m.PCM, model = "PCM")

 # ML estimation
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "ML")

 # BM estimation, standard normal prior distribution
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM")

 # BM estimation, uniform prior distribution upon range [-2,2]
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "BM", priorDist = "unif", 
          priorPar = c(-2, 2))

 # BM estimation, Jeffreys' prior distribution  
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "BM", priorDist = "Jeffreys")

 # EAP estimation, standard normal prior distribution
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "EAP")

 # EAP estimation, uniform prior distribution upon range [-2,2]
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "EAP", priorDist = "unif", 
          priorPar = c(-2, 2))

 # EAP estimation, Jeffreys' prior distribution  
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "EAP", priorDist = "Jeffreys")

 # WL estimation
 thetaEst(m.PCM, x, model = "PCM", method = "WL")
 
# }