There are two parsers into a sys-time, sys_time_parse() and
sys_time_parse_RFC_3339().
sys_time_parse() is useful when you have date-time strings like
"2020-01-01T01:04:30" that you know should be interpreted as UTC, or like
"2020-01-01T01:04:30-04:00" with a UTC offset but no zone name. If you find
yourself in the latter situation, then parsing this string as a sys-time
using the %Ez command to capture the offset is probably your best option.
If you know that this string should be interpreted in a specific time zone,
parse as a sys-time to get the UTC equivalent, then use as_zoned_time().
The default options assume that x should be parsed at second precision,
using a format string of "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S". This matches the default
result from calling format() on a sys-time.
sys_time_parse() is nearly equivalent to naive_time_parse(), except for
the fact that the %z command is actually used. Using %z assumes that the
rest of the date-time string should be interpreted as a naive-time, which is
then shifted by the UTC offset found in %z. The returned time can then be
validly interpreted as UTC.
sys_time_parse() ignores the %Z command.
sys_time_parse_RFC_3339() is a wrapper around sys_time_parse() that is
intended to parse the extremely common date-time format outlined by
RFC 3339. This document
outlines a profile of the ISO 8601 format that is even more restrictive.
In particular, this function is intended to parse the following three formats:
2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
2019-01-01T00:00:00+0430
2019-01-01T00:00:00+04:30
This function defaults to parsing the first of these formats by using
a format string of "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ".
If your date-time strings use offsets from UTC rather than "Z", then set
offset to one of the following:
"%z" if the offset is of the form "+0430".
"%Ez" if the offset is of the form "+04:30".
The RFC 3339 standard allows for replacing the "T" with a "t" or a space
(" "). Set separator to adjust this as needed.
For this function, the precision must be at least "second".
sys_time_parse(
x,
...,
format = NULL,
precision = "second",
locale = clock_locale()
)sys_time_parse_RFC_3339(
x,
...,
separator = "T",
offset = "Z",
precision = "second"
)
A sys-time.
[character]
A character vector to parse.
These dots are for future extensions and must be empty.
[character / NULL]
A format string. A combination of the following commands, or NULL,
in which case a default format string is used.
A vector of multiple format strings can be supplied. They will be tried in the order they are provided.
Year
%C: The century as a decimal number. The modified command %NC where
N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number of
characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes
are permitted but not required.
%y: The last two decimal digits of the year. If the century is not
otherwise specified (e.g. with %C), values in the range [69 - 99] are
presumed to refer to the years [1969 - 1999], and values in the range
[00 - 68] are presumed to refer to the years [2000 - 2068]. The
modified command %Ny, where N is a positive decimal integer, specifies
the maximum number of characters to read. If not specified, the default is
2. Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%Y: The year as a decimal number. The modified command %NY where N
is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number of characters to
read. If not specified, the default is 4. Leading zeroes are permitted
but not required.
Month
%b, %B, %h: The locale's full or abbreviated case-insensitive
month name.
%m: The month as a decimal number. January is 1. The modified command
%Nm where N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number
of characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes
are permitted but not required.
Day
%d, %e: The day of the month as a decimal number. The modified
command %Nd where N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum
number of characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading
zeroes are permitted but not required.
Day of the week
%a, %A: The locale's full or abbreviated case-insensitive weekday
name.
%w: The weekday as a decimal number (0-6), where Sunday is 0. The
modified command %Nw where N is a positive decimal integer specifies
the maximum number of characters to read. If not specified, the default is
1. Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
ISO 8601 week-based year
%g: The last two decimal digits of the ISO week-based year. The
modified command %Ng where N is a positive decimal integer specifies
the maximum number of characters to read. If not specified, the default is
2. Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%G: The ISO week-based year as a decimal number. The modified command
%NG where N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number
of characters to read. If not specified, the default is 4. Leading zeroes
are permitted but not required.
%V: The ISO week-based week number as a decimal number. The modified
command %NV where N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum
number of characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading
zeroes are permitted but not required.
%u: The ISO weekday as a decimal number (1-7), where Monday is 1.
The modified command %Nu where N is a positive decimal integer
specifies the maximum number of characters to read. If not specified, the
default is 1. Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
Week of the year
%U: The week number of the year as a decimal number. The first Sunday
of the year is the first day of week 01. Days of the same year prior to
that are in week 00. The modified command %NU where N is a positive
decimal integer specifies the maximum number of characters to read. If not
specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes are permitted but not
required.
%W: The week number of the year as a decimal number. The first Monday
of the year is the first day of week 01. Days of the same year prior to
that are in week 00. The modified command %NW where N is a positive
decimal integer specifies the maximum number of characters to read. If not
specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes are permitted but not
required.
Day of the year
%j: The day of the year as a decimal number. January 1 is 1. The
modified command %Nj where N is a positive decimal integer specifies
the maximum number of characters to read. If not specified, the default is
3. Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
Date
%D, %x: Equivalent to %m/%d/%y.
%F: Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d. If modified with a width (like %NF),
the width is applied to only %Y.
Time of day
%H: The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number. The modified command
%NH where N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number
of characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes
are permitted but not required.
%I: The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number. The modified command
%NI where N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number
of characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes
are permitted but not required.
%M: The minutes as a decimal number. The modified command %NM where
N is a positive decimal integer specifies the maximum number of
characters to read. If not specified, the default is 2. Leading zeroes
are permitted but not required.
%S: The seconds as a decimal number. Leading zeroes are permitted but
not required. If encountered, the locale determines the decimal point
character. Generally, the maximum number of characters to read is
determined by the precision that you are parsing at. For example, a
precision of "second" would read a maximum of 2 characters, while a
precision of "millisecond" would read a maximum of 6 (2 for the values
before the decimal point, 1 for the decimal point, and 3 for the values
after it). The modified command %NS, where N is a positive decimal
integer, can be used to exactly specify the maximum number of characters to
read. This is only useful if you happen to have seconds with more than 1
leading zero.
%p: The locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with
a 12-hour clock. The command %I must precede %p in the format string.
%R: Equivalent to %H:%M.
%T, %X: Equivalent to %H:%M:%S.
%r: Equivalent to %I:%M:%S %p.
Time zone
%z: The offset from UTC in the format [+|-]hh[mm]. For example
-0430 refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC. And 04 refers to 4 hours
ahead of UTC. The modified command %Ez parses a : between the hours and
minutes and leading zeroes on the hour field are optional:
[+|-]h[h][:mm]. For example -04:30 refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind
UTC. And 4 refers to 4 hours ahead of UTC.
%Z: The full time zone name or the time zone abbreviation, depending on
the function being used. A single word is parsed. This word can only
contain characters that are alphanumeric, or one of '_', '/', '-' or
'+'.
Miscellaneous
%c: A date and time representation. Equivalent to
%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y.
%%: A % character.
%n: Matches one white space character. %n, %t, and a space can be
combined to match a wide range of white-space patterns. For example "%n "
matches one or more white space characters, and "%n%t%t" matches one to
three white space characters.
%t: Matches zero or one white space characters.
[character(1)]
A precision for the resulting time point. One of:
"day"
"hour"
"minute"
"second"
"millisecond"
"microsecond"
"nanosecond"
Setting the precision determines how much information %S attempts
to parse.
[clock_locale]
A locale object created from clock_locale().
[character(1)]
The separator between the date and time components of the string. One of:
"T"
"t"
" "
[character(1)]
The format of the offset from UTC contained in the string. One of:
"Z"
"z"
"%z" to parse a numeric offset of the form "+0430"
"%Ez" to parse a numeric offset of the form "+04:30"
It is highly recommended to parse all of the information in the date-time
string into a type at least as precise as the string. For example, if your
string has fractional seconds, but you only require seconds, specify a
sub-second precision, then round to seconds manually using whatever
convention is appropriate for your use case. Parsing such a string directly
into a second precision result is ambiguous and undefined, and is unlikely to
work as you might expect.
If your date-time strings contain a full time zone name and a UTC offset, use
zoned_time_parse_complete(). If they contain a time zone abbreviation, use
zoned_time_parse_abbrev().
If your date-time strings don't contain an offset from UTC and you aren't
sure if they should be treated as UTC or not, you might consider using
naive_time_parse(), since the resulting naive-time doesn't come with an
assumption of a UTC time zone.
sys_time_parse("2020-01-01T05:06:07")
# Day precision
sys_time_parse("2020-01-01", precision = "day")
# Nanosecond precision, but using a day based format
sys_time_parse("2020-01-01", format = "%Y-%m-%d", precision = "nanosecond")
# Multiple format strings are allowed for heterogeneous times
sys_time_parse(
c("2019-01-01", "2019/1/1"),
format = c("%Y/%m/%d", "%Y-%m-%d"),
precision = "day"
)
# The `%z` command shifts the date-time by subtracting the UTC offset so
# that the returned sys-time can be interpreted as UTC
sys_time_parse(
"2020-01-01 02:00:00 -0400",
format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z"
)
# Remember that the `%Z` command is ignored entirely!
sys_time_parse("2020-01-01 America/New_York", format = "%Y-%m-%d %Z")
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RFC 3339
# Typical UTC format
x <- "2019-01-01T00:01:02Z"
sys_time_parse_RFC_3339(x)
# With a UTC offset containing a `:`
x <- "2019-01-01T00:01:02+02:30"
sys_time_parse_RFC_3339(x, offset = "%Ez")
# With a space between the date and time and no `:` in the offset
x <- "2019-01-01 00:01:02+0230"
sys_time_parse_RFC_3339(x, separator = " ", offset = "%z")
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