The variables in this data set are non-stationary and help to understand spurious regression in the context of time series analysis.
data.spurious
A data frame with yearly observations from 1880 to 2022 on the following five variables:
year | year of the observation. |
temp | deviation of the pre-industrial average global temperature. |
elements | number of discovered elements in chemistry (periodic table). |
gold | price for 1 ounce of fine gold in US-Dollar (not inflation-adjusted) starting in 1968. |
cpi | consumer price index: total all items for the United States (index 2015 = 100) starting in 1968. |
In Auer et al. (2024, Chap. 22) these data are used to illustrate the estimation of dynamic regression models.
Auer, L.v., Hoffmann, S. & Kranz, T. (2024): Ökonometrie - Das R-Arbeitsbuch, 2nd ed., Springer-Gabler (https://www.oekonometrie-lernen.de).
Lenssen, N., Schmidt, G., Hansen, J., Menne, M., Persin, A., Ruedy, R., & Zyss, D. (2019): Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.