Deep dive on fielddata details
Most fields are indexed by default, which makes them searchable. Sorting, aggregations, and accessing field values in scripts, however, requires a different access pattern from search.
Text fields use a query-time in-memory data structure called fielddata. This data structure is built on demand the first time that a field is used for aggregations, sorting, or in a script. It is built by reading the entire inverted index for each segment from disk, inverting the term-document relationship, and storing the result in memory, in the JVM heap.
fielddata is disabled on text fields by default. Fielddata can consume a lot of heap space, especially when loading high cardinality text fields. Once fielddata has been loaded into the heap, it remains there for the lifetime of the segment. Also, loading fielddata is an expensive process which can cause users to experience latency hits. This is why fielddata is disabled by default. If you try to sort, aggregate, or access values from a script on a text field, you will see this exception:
"Fielddata is disabled on text fields by default. Set fielddata=true on
your_field_name in order to load fielddata in memory by uninverting
the inverted index. Note that this can however use significant memory."
To enable fielddata on a text field use the PUT mapping API, for example
mapping_create("shakespeare", body = '{
"properties": {
"speaker": {
"type": "text",
"fielddata": true
}
}
}')
You may get an error about update_all_types, in which case set
update_all_types=TRUE in mapping_create, e.g.,
mapping_create("shakespeare", update_all_types=TRUE, body = '{
"properties": {
"speaker": {
"type": "text",
"fielddata": true
}
}
}')
See https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/fielddata.html#_enabling_fielddata_on_literal_text_literal_fields for more information.