emdbook (version 1.3.13)

lambertW: Lambert W function

Description

Computes the Lambert W function, giving efficient solutions to the equation x*exp(x)==z

Usage

lambertW_base(z, b = 0, maxiter = 10, eps = .Machine$double.eps, min.imag =
1e-09)
lWasymp(z,logz)
lambertW(z,...)

Value

Complex or real vector of solutions.

Arguments

z

(complex) vector of values for which to compute the function

logz

(complex (?)) vector of \(log(z)\) values (to be specified by name instead of z)

b

(integer) b=0 specifies the principal branch, 0 and -1 are the ones that can take non-complex values

maxiter

maximum numbers of iterations for convergence

eps

convergence tolerance

min.imag

maximum magnitude of imaginary part to chop when returning solutions

...

arguments to pass to lambertW_base

Author

Nici Schraudolph <[e-mail]> (original version (c) 1998), Ben Bolker (R translation)

Details

Compute the Lambert W function of z. This function satisfies \(W(z)\exp(W(z))=z\), and can thus be used to express solutions of transcendental equations involving exponentials or logarithms. For \(z>10^307\), an asymptotic formula (from Corless et al by way of http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LambertW-Function.html) is used: lambertW is a wrapper that automatically selects the asymptotic formula where appropriate.

• In ecology, the Lambert W can be used to solve the so-called "Rogers equation" for predator functional response with depletion.

• In epidemiology, the Lambert W function solves the final-size equation of a simple SIR epidemic model.

References

Corless, Gonnet, Hare, Jeffrey, and Knuth (1996), "On the Lambert W Function", Advances in Computational Mathematics 5(4):329-359

See Also

?Lambert in the gsl package by Robin Hankin, which uses Gnu Scientific Library code; also ?lambertW in the VGAM and pracma packages, and the lambertW package

Examples

curve(lambertW(x),from=0,to=10)
pvec <- seq(-1,1,length=40)
m <- outer(pvec,pvec,function(x,y)Re(lambertW(x+y*1i)))
persp(pvec,pvec,m,
      theta=290,shade=0.5,zlab="lambertW")
num1 <- uniroot(function(x) {x*exp(x)-1},lower=0,upper=1,tol=1e-9)
abs(lambertW(1)-num1$root)<1e-9
###
## Rogers random predator equation:
rogers.pred <- function(N0,a,h,T) {
   N0 - lambertW(a*h*N0*exp(-a*(T-h*N0)))/(a*h)
}
holling2.pred <- function(N0,a,h) {
  a*N0/(1+a*h*N0)
}
curve(rogers.pred(x,a=1,h=0.2,T=1),from=0,to=60,
  ylab="Number eaten/unit time",xlab="Initial number",ylim=c(0,5),
  main="Predation: a=1, h=0.2")
curve(rogers.pred(x,a=1,h=0.2,T=5)/5,add=TRUE,lty=2,from=0)
curve(rogers.pred(x,a=1,h=0.2,T=0.2)*5,add=TRUE,lty=3,from=0)
curve(rogers.pred(x,a=1,h=0.2,T=10)/10,add=TRUE,lty=4,from=0)
curve(holling2.pred(x,a=1,h=0.2),add=TRUE,lty=1,lwd=2,from=0)
abline(h=5)
legend(30,2,
   c(paste("Rogers, T=",c(0.2,1,5,10),sep=""),
    "Holling type II"),lwd=c(rep(1,4),2),lty=c(3,1,2,4,1))
## final size of an epidemic
finalsize <- function(R0) {
   1+1/R0*lambertW(-R0*exp(-R0))
}
curve(finalsize,from=1,to=10,xlab=expression(R[0]),ylab="Final size")
## comparison of asymptotic results
tmpf <- function(x) {
  L0 <- lambertW_base(10^x)
  L1 <- lWasymp(logz=x*log(10))
  (L1-L0)/L0
}
curve(tmpf,from=1,to=307,log="y")

## derivative
## don't run (avoid numDeriv dependency)
## require(numDeriv)
##   grad(lambertW(1))
##   plogis(-lambertW(1))